Czech word order is relatively free. However, the Czech language belongs to the SVO type.
Czech word order is said to be free. The individual parts of a sentence need not necessarily be placed in a firmly given sequence. Word order is very flexible and allows many variants of messages. It is enabled by the fact that syntactic relations are indicated by inflection forms (declension and conjugation) in Czech.
Word order is not arbitrary at all. It must respect logical relations between words and some other principles. Constructions which enable two or more interpretations should be avoided. Speakers choose the word order according to the communication aim and the emotional state. That principle is called functional sentence perspective.
Basic word order is SVO (subject – verb – object) in Czech sentences. It is used in neutral messages:
Petr má nový byt. – Peter has (got) a new flat.
(Peter (S) has (V) new flat (O).)
Definite and indefinite articles are not used in Czech.
A sentence usually begins with facts, already known from a preceding sentence or context (theme). New and important facts (rheme) are usually placed in the final position:
Včera zemřel známý herec. – A famous actor died yesterday. (An announcement of a death of a person – who died?)
(Yesterday died (V) famous actor (S).)
(Ten) známý herec zemřel včera. – The famous actor died yesterday. (When did he die?)
((The) famous actor (S) died (V) yesterday.)
Byl jednou jeden král a ten král měl tři dcery. – Once upon a time there lived a king and the king had three daughters.
(Was (V) once one king (S) and the king (S) had (V) three daughters (O).)
The VSO word order is often used for the question formation. Questions are primarily indicated by prosodic means, especially by intonation, in speech and by a question mark (?) in writing:
Petr nemá nový byt. – Peter doesn't have a new flat.
(Peter (S) not has (V) (a) new flat (O)(.))
Petr nemá nový byt? – Peter doesn't have a new flat?
(Peter (S) not has (V) (a) new flat (O)(.))
Nemá Petr nový byt? – Doesn't Peter have a new flat?
Attributive adjectives are usually prepositive, preceding superior nouns. The case and the number of adjectives and nouns are always in grammatical accordance: adjectives are declined together with the noun:
a new flat: nový byt (nom.), nového bytu (gen.), novému bytu (dat.), etc.
In some special cases the adjective can be placed after the noun: in scientific terminology, names of historical persons, listings, for emphasis, etc.:
Attributes that are not in grammatical accordance with the superior nouns are usually postpositional. Such attributes keep their grammatical form regardless of noun declension:
Unstressed words, clitics, form stress units with preceding stressed words. For rhythm, they are not the first words in sentences. They usually have the second position after the first part of a sentence. If more than one clitic occurs in a sentence, the order is the following:
The conjunction -li (if) – used predominantly in literary styles
Auxiliary verbs in preterite (past tense) – jsem, jsi, jsme, jste; and conditionals – bych, bys, by, bychom, byste
The short form of the reflexive pronoun – si, se
The short form of personal pronouns in dative – mi, ti, mu,
The short form of personal pronouns in accusative – mě, tě, ho, tu, to
