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(Top) 1 Phonology 1.1 Vowels 1.2 Consonants 2 See also 3 References 4 External links

Takpa language

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Takpa
Tawang Monpa
དག་པ་ཁ་, dakpakha

Region	India; Bhutan; Lhoka, Tibet
Ethnicity	Takpa
Native speakers	9,100 in India (2006)^[1] 2,000 in Bhutan (2011);^[2] 1,300 in China (2000 census)^[3]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman? Tibeto-Kanauri? Bodish East Bodish Dakpa–Dzala Takpa
Writing system	Tibetan script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: `dka` – Dakpa `twm` – Tawang Monpa `tkk` – Takpa
Glottolog	`dakp1242`
ELP	Dakpa Takpa
Takpa is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The TakpaorDakpa language (Tibetan: དག་པ་ཁ་, Wylie: dak pa kha), Dakpakha, known in India as Tawang Monpa,^[4] also known as Brami in Bhutan,^[5] is an East Bodish language spoken in the Tawang district of Arunachal Pradesh, and in northern Trashigang District in eastern Bhutan, mainly in Kyaleng (Shongphu gewog), Phongmed Gewog, Dangpholeng and Lengkhar near Radi Gewog.^[6]^[7] Van Driem (2001) describes Takpa as the most divergent of Bhutan's East Bodish languages,^[8] though it shares many similarities with Bumthang. SIL reports that Takpa may be a dialect of the Brokpa language and that it been influenced by the Dzala language whereas Brokpa has not.^[7]

Takpa is mutually unintelligible with Monpa of Zemithang and Monpa of Mago-Thingbu.^[9] Monpa of Zemithang is another East Bodish language, and is documented in Abraham, et al. (2018).^[10]

Wangchu (2002) reports that Tawang Monpa is spoken in Lhou, Seru, Lemberdung, and Changprong villages, Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh.

Phonology[edit]

These tables represent the phonemes of the variety of Takpa spoken in China, in Tsona County. ^[11]

Vowels[edit]

	Front	Central	Back
High	ii iː [iː] yy yː [yː]		uu uː [uː]
Mid	e [e] eː [eː]	ʌ ʌ ʌː [ʌː]	oo oː [oː]
Low	ɛ [ɛ] ɛː ɛː	aa aː [aː]	ɔ ɔ ɔː [ɔː]

Consonants[edit]

		Bilabial	Alveolar		Rétroflex	Pal.-alv.	Velars		Glottal
		Bilabial	Central	Lateral	Rétroflex	Pal.-alv.	Palatals	Velars	Glottal
Stops	Voiceless	pp	tt					kk	ʔ ʔ
	Aspirated	phpʰ	thtʰ					khkʰ
	Voiced	bb	dd					ɡ ɡ
Fricatives	Voiceless		ss	ɬ ɬ	ʂ ʂ	ɕ ɕ			h h
Fricatives	Voiced		zz			ʑ ʑ
Affricates	Voiceless		tst͡s		tʂ t͡ʂ	tɕ t͡ɕ	cç c͡ç
	Aspirated		tsh t͡sʰ		tʂh t͡ʂʰ	tɕh t͡ɕʰ	cçh c͡çʰ
	Voiced		dzd͡z		dʐ d͡ʐ	dʑ d͡ʑ	ɟʝ ɟ͡ʝ
Liquids			rr	ll
Nasals		mm	nn		ɳ ɳ			ŋ ŋ
Semivowel		ww				jj

Monba is a tonal language, with four contour tones: 55, 53, 35, and 31.^[11]

References[edit]

^ ISO change request

^ DakpaatEthnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

^ TawangatEthnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices

^ Tshering, Karma;van Driem, George (2019). "The Grammar of Dzongkha". Himalayan Linguistics Journal. 7.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

^ van Driem, George L. (1993). "Language Policy in Bhutan". London: SOAS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-11-01. Retrieved 2011-01-18.

^ ^a ^b "Dakpakha". Ethnologue Online. Dallas: SIL International. 2006. Retrieved 2011-01-18.

^ van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill Publishers.

^ Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2011), (De)classifying Arunachal languages: Reconstructing the evidence (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-26

^ Abraham, Binny, Kara Sako, Elina Kinny, Isapdaile Zeliang. 2018. Sociolinguistic Research among Selected Groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh: Highlighting Monpa. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2018-009.

^ ^a ^b Huang, 1992, p. 634.