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Eannatum 𒂍𒀭𒈾𒁺
Eannatum, King of Lagash, riding a war chariot (detail of the Stele of the Vultures). His name "Eannatum" (𒂍𒀭𒈾𒁺) is written vertically in two columns in front of his head.
Louvre Museum .
Reign c. 2500 BC – 2400 BC Predecessor Akurgal Successor En-anna-tum I Dynasty 1st Dynasty of Lagash
Eannatum (Sumerian : 𒂍𒀭𒈾𒁺 É.AN.NA -tum2 ) was a Sumerian Ensi (ruler or king) of Lagash circa 2500–2400 BCE. He established one of the first verifiable empires in history, subduing Elam and destroying the city of Susa , and extending his domain over the rest of Sumer and Akkad .[1] One inscription found on a boulder states that Eannatum was his Sumerian name, while his "Tidnu" (Amorite ) name was Lumma .
Conquest of Sumer [ edit ]
Eannatum, grandson of Ur-Nanshe and son of Akurgal , was a king of Lagash who conquered all of Sumer, including Ur , Nippur , Akshak (controlled by Zuzu), Larsa , and Uruk (controlled by Enshakushanna , who is on the King List ).[1]
He entered into conflict with Umma , waging a war over the fertile plain of Gu-Edin .[1] He personally commanded an army to subjugate the city-state, and vanquished Ush , the ruler of Umma, finally making a boundary treaty with Enakalle , successor of Ush, as described in the Stele of the Vultures and in the Cone of Entemena :[2] [1]
32–38
𒂍𒀭𒈾𒁺 𒉺𒋼𒋛 𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠 𒉺𒄑𒉋𒂵 𒂗𒋼𒈨𒈾 𒉺𒋼𒋛 𒉢𒁓𒆷𒆠𒅗𒆤 e 2 -an-na-tum2 ensi2 lagaški pa-bil3 -ga en-mete-na ensi2 lagaški -ka-ke4
"Eannatum, ruler of Lagash , uncle of Entemena , ruler of Lagash"
39–42
𒂗𒀉𒆗𒇷 𒉺𒋼𒋛 𒄑𒆵𒆠𒁕 𒆠 𒂊𒁕𒋩
en-a2 -kal-le ensi2 ummaki -da ki e-da-sur
"fixed the border with Enakalle, ruler of Umma "
Extract from the Cone of Enmetena , Room 236 Reference AO 3004, Louvre Museum.[3] [4]
Eannatum I was king of Lagash , circa 2400 BC.
Eannatum made Umma a tributary, where every person had to pay a certain amount of grain into the treasury of the goddess Nina and the god Ingurisa.[5] [1]
Conquest outside Sumer [ edit ]
Eannatum of Lagash in full dress, reconstitution.
Eannatum expanded his influence beyond the boundaries of Sumer. He conquered parts of Elam , including the city Az off the coast of the modern Persian Gulf , allegedly smote Shubur , and, having repulsed Akshak , he claimed the title of "King of Kish " (which regained its independence after his death) and demanded tribute as far as Mari :[1]
"He (Eannatum) defeated Zuzu, the king of Akshak , from the Antasurra of Ningirsu up to Akshak and destroyed him."
"The king of Akshak ran back to his land."
"He defeated Kish, Akshak, and Mari from the Antasurra of Ningirsu."
"To Eannatum, the ruler of Lagash, Inanna gave the kingship of Kish in addition to ensi-ship of Lagash, because she loved him."
—
Inscriptions of Eannatum.[6]
Eannatum recorded his victories on a stone inscription:
Eannatum, the ensi of Lagash, who was granted might by Enlil , who constantly is nourished by Ninhursag with her milk, whose name Ningirsu had pronounced, who was chosen by Nanshe in her heart, the son of Akurgal , the ensi of Lagash , conquered the land of Elam , conquered Urua , conquered Umma , conquered Ur . At that time, he built a well made of baked bricks for Ningirsu , in his wide temple courtyard. Eananatum's god is Shulutula . Then did Ningirsu love Eannatum".
—
Brick of Eannatum-AO 351, Louvre Museum[7] [8]
However, revolts often arose in parts of his empire. During Eannatum’s reign, many temples and palaces were built, especially in Lagash.[9] The city of Nina, probably a precursor of Niniveh , was rebuilt, with many canals and reservoirs being excavated.
Stele of the Vultures [ edit ]
A fragment of the Stele of the Vultures showing vultures with severed human heads in their beaks and a fragment of cuneiform script .
The so-called Stele of the Vultures , now in the Louvre , is a fragmented limestone stele found in Telloh , (ancient Girsu) Iraq , in 1881. The stele is reconstructed as having been 1.80 metres (5 ft 11 in ) high and 1.30 metres (4 ft 3 in ) wide and was set up ca. 2500–2400 BCE.[10] It was erected as a monument of the victory of Eannatum of Lagash over Ush, king of Umma , leading to a boundary treaty with his successor Enakalle of Umma .[11] [5]
On it various incidents in the war are represented. In one register, the king (his name appears inscribed around his head) stands in front of his phalanx of heavily armoured soldiers, with a curved weapon in his right hand, formed of three bars of metal bound together by rings. In another register a figure, the king, his name again inscribed around his head, rides on his chariot in the thick of the battle, while his kilted followers, with helmets on their heads and lances in their hands, march behind him.[5]
On the other side of the stele is an image of Ninurta , a god of war, holding the captive Ummaites in a large net. This implies that Eannatum attributed his victory to Ninurta, and thus that he was in the god's protection (though some accounts say that he attributed his victory to Enlil , the patron deity of Lagash).[10] [5]
The victory of Eannatum is mentioned in a fragmentary inscription on the stele, suggesting that after the loss of 3,600 soldiers on the field, Ush, king of Umma , was killed in a rebellion in his capital city of Umma : “[…] (Eanatum) defeated him. Its ( = Umma’s) 3600 corpses reached the base of heaven [...] raised (their) hands against him and killed him in Umma.”.[12]
Other inscriptions [ edit ]
Inscribed brick of Eannatum, recording the sinking of a well in the forecourt of the Temple of Ningirsu in Lagash.
[13]
Name of Enneatum on his Ningirsu inscription (top right corner).
Eannatum inscription (British Museum)
A foundation stone of Eannatum, dedicated to
Ningirsu , tutelary god of Lagash. It enumerates the victories of Eannatum from
Elam to Akshak . Louvre Museum.
[14] [15]
Foundation stone of Eannatum (transcription)
Inscription
Eannatum Ensi Lagashki "Eannatum,
Ensi of Lagash "
Eannatum describes his victories over the countries of
Elam ,
Urua ,
Umma and
Ur , and well as the construction of a brick well in front of the temple of
Ningirsu .
[16] [17]
Eannatum King of Lagash presiding at funeral rites on the battlefield (20th century reconstitution)
Clay tablet mentioning the name of Eannatum, prince of Lagash. From Iraq, c. 2470 BCE. Iraq Museum
Fragment of a vessel mentioning the name of Eannatum, prince of Lagash, from Iraq, c. 2470 BCE. Iraq Museum
Stone pebble mentioning the name of Eannatum, prince of Lagash, from Iraq, c. 2470 BCE, Iraq Museum
Stone plaque or tablet mentioning the name of Eannatum, prince of Lagash, from Iraq, c. 2470 BCE. Iraq Museum
Detail. Cuneiform inscription on a limestone object from Girsu, Iraq, mentioning the name of Eannatum, Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
References [ edit ]
^ "Cone of Enmetena, king of Lagash" . 2020.
^ "CDLI-Found Texts" . cdli.ucla.edu . Retrieved 2018-03-12 .
^ a b c d Finegan, Jack (2019). Archaeological History Of The Ancient Middle East . Routledge. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-429-72638-5 .
^ MAEDA, TOHRU (1981). "KING OF KISH" IN PRE-SARGONIC SUMER . Orient: The Reports of the Society for Near Eastern Studies in Japan, Volume 17. pp. 10 and 7.
^ Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character . University of Chicago Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6 .
^ "Louvre Museum Official Website" . cartelen.louvre.fr .
^ Maisels, Charles Keith (2003). The Emergence of Civilization: From Hunting and Gathering to Agriculture, Cities, and the State of the Near East . Routledge. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-134-86327-3 .
^ a b Kleiner, Fred S.; Mamiya, Christin J. (2006). Gardner's Art Through the Ages: The Western Perspective — Volume 1 (12th ed.). Belmont, California, USA: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 22–23 . ISBN 0-495-00479-0 .
^ The Cities of Babylonia . Cambridge Ancient History. p. 28.
^ Sallaberger, Walther; Schrakamp, Ingo (2015). History & Philology (PDF) . Walther Sallaberger & Ingo Schrakamp (eds), Brepols. p. 75. ISBN 978-2-503-53494-7 .
^ Transliteration and photograph: "CDLI-Archival View" . cdli.ucla.edu .
^ "Louvre Museum Official Website" . cartelen.louvre.fr .
^ Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character . University of Chicago Press. p. 309, #10. ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6 .
^ Kramer, Samuel Noah (2010). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character . University of Chicago Press. p. 309. ISBN 978-0-226-45232-6 .
^ "Louvre Museum Official Website" . cartelen.louvre.fr .
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2450 BCE
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Elamite invasions (3 kings)[6]
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2425 BCE
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2400 BCE
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2370 BCE
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Phoenicia Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon Kingdom of Israel Saul Ish-bosheth David Solomon
Syro-Hittite states
Middle Assyria Eriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II
Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin ") Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur
Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE)
1025–934 BCE
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos") Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli
911–745 BCE
Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt Shoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV
Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt Harsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini
Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt Tefnakht Bakenranef
Kingdom of Samaria Kingdom of Judah
Neo-Assyrian Empire Adad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat ♀ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V
Ninth Babylonian Dynasty Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri
Humban-Tahrid dynasty Urtak Teumman Ummanigash Tammaritu I Indabibi Humban-haltash III
745–609 BCE
Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt Taharqa ("Black Pharaohs ")Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun
Neo-Assyrian Empire
(Sargonid dynasty ) Tiglath-Pileser † Shalmaneser † Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon † Sennacherib † Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi † Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon † Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II
Assyrian conquest of Egypt
Assyrian conquest of Elam
626–539 BCE
Late Period Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt Necho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III
Neo-Babylonian Empire Nabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus
Median Empire Deioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages
539–331 BCE
Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt )
Kings of Byblos Kings of Tyre Kings of Sidon
Achaemenid Empire Cyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III
Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
331–141 BCE
Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic Egypt Ptolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II ♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis ♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator ♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra ♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter ♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III ♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV ♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III ♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V ♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena ♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea ♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator ♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV ♀
Hellenistic Period Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon Argead dynasty : Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty : Antigonus I Seleucid Empire : Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes
141–30 BCE
Kingdom of Judea Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra ♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias
Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus
Parthian Empire Mithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I
30 BCE–116 CE
Roman Empire
(Roman conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt
Judea
Syria
116–117 CE
Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan
Parthamaspates of Parthia
117–224 CE
Syria Palaestina
Province of Mesopotamia
Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV
224–270 CE
Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm
270–273 CE
Palmyrene Empire Vaballathus Zenobia ♀ Antiochus
273–395 CE
Roman Empire
Province of Egypt
Syria Palaestina
Syria
Province of Mesopotamia
395–618 CE
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
618–628 CE
(Sasanian conquest of Egypt )Province of Egypt Shahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz
Sasanian Empire Province of Asoristan Khosrow II Kavad II
628–641 CE
Byzantine Empire
Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran ♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht ♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh
Byzantine Egypt
Palaestina Prima , Palaestina Secunda
Byzantine Syria
Byzantine Mesopotamia
639–651 CE
Muslim conquest of Egypt
Muslim conquest of the Levant
Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
Chronology of the Neolithic period
Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
^ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
^ Hallo, W. ; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East . New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49.
^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia" . cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins . Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2 .
^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq . Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7 .
^ a b c Per Sumerian King List
^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History . Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4 .
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