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Afish and chip shop, sometimes referred to as a chip shoporchippy, is a restaurant that specialises in selling fish and chips. Usually, fish and chip shops provide takeaway service, although some have seating facilities. Fish and chip shops may also sell other foods, including variations on their core offering such as battered sausage and burgers, to regional cuisine such as GreekorIndian food.[1]
Variations on the name include fish bar, fishery (inYorkshire), fish shop and chip shop. In most of the United Kingdom including Northern Ireland, they are colloquially known as a chippyor fishy, while in the Republic of Ireland and the Aberdeen area, they are more commonly known as chippers.
Ablue plaqueatOldham's Tommyfield Market in England marks the 1860s origin of the fish and chip shop and fast food industries.[2] In 1928, Harry Ramsden's fast food restaurant chain opened in the UK. On a single day in 1952, his fish and chip shop in Guiseley, West Yorkshire, served 10,000 portions of fish and chips, earning itself a place in the Guinness Book Of Records.[3]
The word "chip shop" is first recorded by the Oxford English Dictionary in 1892.[4] "Chippy" or "chippie" was first recorded in 1961.[5] Occasionally the type of fish will be specified, as in 'Cod-n-Chips'.
Many British villages, suburbs, towns and cities have fish and chip shops, especially near coastal regions.
Fish and chip outlets sell roughly 30% of all the white fish consumed in the United Kingdom, and they use 10% of the UK potato crop.[6]
In Ireland, many "chippers" are operated by Italian immigrant families, all native to the Province of FrosinoneinLazio.[7] The Italian chip shop tradition began with Giuseppe Cervi, who took a boat to America in the 1880s but instead disembarked at Queenstown (modern-day CobhinCounty Cork) and walked to Dublin, establishing a takeaway at 22 Great Brunswick Street (modern-day Pearse Street).[8][9][10]
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In Scotland, the fish tends to be haddock, whereas in England, it tends to be cod. This is because both fish tend to be sourced from Scottish waters in the North Sea and then shipped around the UK. Haddock was thought to taste better than cod when fresh, while cod tasted better a few days later. In the days before refrigerated haulage this meant that haddock would taste bad by the time it made it out of Scotland, while the cod would still taste good if it took a few days to reach its destination.[11] Hake, pollock, whiting, and plaice are also seen at many chip shops.[12] In Scotland, 'special fish' is a variant where the haddock is breadcrumbed instead of battered.
A number of fish and chip shop condiments exist, including salt and vinegar (very often actually non-brewed condiment) across the UK, mushy peas and curry sauce in various parts of the UK, chip spice in Hull,[13] Hendersons RelishinSheffield, chippy sauce in Edinburgh,[14] gravy across much of the UK, mushy pea and mint sauce in Nottingham, and gravy and cheese in Yorkshire. In Canada, most shops offer malt vinegar or the option to add gravy, usually for a small charge.
There are also regional variations with the oil used to cook the fish and chips. Traditional frying uses beef dripping or lard, which are still used in the Midlands and the North; however, vegetable oils, such as palm oil, rapeseed or peanut oil (used because of its relatively high smoke point) now predominate, particularly in the South.
There are also a number of other offerings at fish and chip shops that do not involve fish, such as the battered sausage. It is now generally rare to find a fish and chip shop that offers no main course besides fish and chips in the UK. Burgers, pies, pasties, pizzas, sausages, kebabs and chicken (all of which may or may not be served or bought with chips) are all regular menu items in many outlets. Many also offer chips with topping options such as cheese, mushy peas, gravy or curry sauce.
In Australia, a common variant of the fish and chip shop is one that sells charcoal chicken in addition to the usual battered fish and related foods.
There are also regional variations across the UK, including:
There are also variations in the fish and chip shops in nations and former nations of the British Commonwealth:
Media related to Fish and chip shops at Wikimedia Commons
