Contents

Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1

Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

HCAR1
Identifiers
Aliases	HCAR1, GPR104, GPR81, HCA1, LACR1, TA-GPCR, TAGPCR, FKSG80, hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1
External IDs	OMIM: 606923; MGI: 2441671; HomoloGene: 13060; GeneCards: HCAR1; OMA:HCAR1 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 12 (human)[1] Band 12q24.31 Start 122,726,076 bp[1] End 122,730,844 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 5 (mouse)[2] Band 5|5 F Start 124,014,799 bp[2] End 124,018,083 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in gonad spleen minor salivary glands body of stomach subcutaneous adipose tissue stromal cell of endometrium right lobe of thyroid gland left lobe of thyroid gland ganglionic eminence human kidney Top expressed in brown adipose tissue white adipose tissue mammary gland embryo transitional epithelium of urinary bladder subcutaneous adipose tissue esophagus dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation granule cell right kidney lacrimal gland More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function G protein-coupled receptor activity signal transducer activity Cellular component integral component of membrane plasma membrane membrane Biological process signal transduction G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 27198 243270 Ensembl ENSG00000196917 ENSMUSG00000049241 UniProt Q9BXC0 Q8C131 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_032554 NM_175520 RefSeq (protein) NP_115943 NP_780729 Location (UCSC) Chr 12: 122.73 – 122.73 Mb Chr 5: 124.01 – 124.02 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
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Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCA₁), formerly known as G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCAR1 gene.^[5][6] HCA₁, like the other hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors HCA₂ and HCA₃, is a G_i/o-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).^[7][8] The primary endogenous agonist of HCA₁islactic acid (and its conjugate base, lactate).^[7][8] More recently, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid has been reported to activate HCA₁.^[9]

Lactate was initially found to activate HCA₁onfat cells and thereby to inhibit these cells lipolysis i.e., break-down of their fats into free fatty acids and glycerol.^[10][11] Subsequent studies have found that in addition to fat cells, HCA₁ is expressed on cells in the brain, skeletal muscle, lymphoid tissue, uterus, kidney, liver, and pancreas as well as on immune cells such as macrophages and antigen-presenting cells. In the brain, HCA₁ acts to dampen neuron excitation and may also function to promote neurogenesis (i.e., production of neurons from neural stem cells) and angiogenesis, i.e., formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing blood vessels). The functions of HCA₁ in non-fat and non-neural tissues have not been fully defined but in many cases appear to involve promoting the survival of cells, including various types of cancer cells.^[12]

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