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The Earl of Dalhousie
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| Governor of Nova Scotia | |
| In office 1816–1820 | |
| Monarch | George III |
| Preceded by | George Stracey Smyth |
| Succeeded by | Sir James Kempt |
| Governor General of British North America | |
| In office 1820–1828 | |
| Monarch | George IV |
| Preceded by | The Duke of Richmond |
| Succeeded by | Sir James Kempt |
| Commander-in-Chief of India | |
| In office 1830–1832 | |
| Monarch | William IV |
| Preceded by | The Viscount Combermere |
| Succeeded by | Sir Edward Barnes |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1770-10-23)23 October 1770 Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian, Scotland |
| Died | 21 March 1838(1838-03-21) (aged 67) Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian, Scotland |
| Nationality | British |
| Spouse | Christian Broun |
| Children | 3 sons, including James |
| Parent(s) | George Ramsay, 8th Earl of Dalhousie Elizabeth Glen |
| Alma mater | University of Edinburgh |
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General George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie, GCB (23 October 1770 – 21 March 1838), styled Lord Ramsay until 1787, and Baron Dalhousie from 1815, was a Scottish soldier and colonial administrator. He was Governor of Nova Scotia from 1816 to 1820, Governor General of British North America from 1820 to 1828 and later Commander-in-Chief in India. In turn, his son, James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie, would later serve as Governor-General of India.
Dalhousie was born at Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian, the son of George Ramsay, 8th Earl of Dalhousie, and Elizabeth, daughter of Andrew Glen. He was educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh, and the University of Edinburgh.
After his father's death in 1787, Dalhousie joined the British Army in July 1788 by purchasingacornetcy in the 3rd Dragoons, and was later appointed to the captaincy of an independent company he himself had raised. He joined the 2nd battalion of the 1st Foot in January 1791, and purchased the rank of major in the 2nd Foot in June 1792. He travelled with the regiment to Martinique, as its commander, and succeeded to the lieutenant-colonelcy in August 1794. He was severely wounded in 1795 and returned to Britain. In 1798 he served in the Irish Rebellion, and in 1799 throughout the Flanders campaign. He received the brevet rank of colonel in January 1800, and fought in the later stages of the Egyptian campaign under Ralph Abercromby, capturing Rosetta without a fight and successfully investing the nearby Fort Julien in April 1801. In 1803 he served as a brigadier-general on the staff in Scotland, and was appointed Major-General in April 1805.
During the later stages of the Peninsular War Dalhousie commanded the 7th Division under the Duke of Wellington. Wellington was sometimes critical of his performance, as during the retreat from Burgos, because of his tardy arrival at Vitoria, and for his misinformation about French intentions shortly before the Battle of Roncesvalles.[1]
With Henry Clinton (or Oswald) and William Stewart he displayed insubordination during the retreat from Burgos. Wellington ordered them down a certain road, but they decided it "was too long and too wet and chose another. This brought them to a bridge which was blocked so that they could not cross. Here, eventually, Wellington found them, waiting. What, Wellington was asked, did he say to them? 'Oh by God, it was too serious to say anything.' 'What a situation is mine!’ he complained to London later. 'It is impossible to prevent incapable men from being sent to the army.'".[2]
At Vitoria he was delayed because he "had found difficulty in marching through the broken country", though Thomas Picton arrived early enough and attacked in his stead when the 7th Division failed to appear[3]
He was nevertheless voted the thanks of Parliament for his services at Vitoria where he commanded the Left Center Column, consisting of the 3rd and 7th Divisions. He was appointed lieutenant-general, and colonel of the 13th Foot in 1813. He led his division in the Battle of the Pyrenees where it was lightly engaged, then went home to England in October. After the previous commander was wounded at the Battle of Orthez in February 1814, Dalhousie briefly led the 7th Division again. He occupied the city of Bordeaux and thus missed the final Battle of Toulouse.
William Kemley was said to have saved the life of Ramsay in battle, by holding a flag over his body. In doing so he suffered a wound from a musket ball that left him with a permanent hole in the palm of his hand. His grandson, Peter Gordon Kemley, used to tell how he could put his finger through the palm of his grandfather's hand. For his actions, William Kemley was given a house on the Dalhousie Estate at Brechin Castle, rent-free for life. His daughter, Caroline Kemley, was born under a gun carriage the evening before the Battle of Quatre Bras. Her mother was one of six wives per regiment permitted to accompany their husbands.
In 1815 he was created Baron Dalhousie, of Dalhousie Castle in Midlothian, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, to allow him to sit in the House of Lords by right (until that point he had sat as a Scottish representative peer).[4]
According to the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Ramsay sought a position in colonial administration to pay debts he incurred expanding his estate.[4] He replaced Sir John Coape SherbrookeasLieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia in 1816. He is known to have employed an official draughtsman, John Elliott Woolford, known for many surviving drawings and paintings.
Ramsay created Dalhousie College in Halifax, Nova Scotia, which grew into Dalhousie University.[5]
He was appointed Governor-General of British North America in 1820 and held that position until 1828.[4]
Dalhousie was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army in 1828.[4] Army headquarters alternated between Calcutta and Simla. India taxed his health, and he resigned in 1832.
Dalhousie suffered a "fainting fit" in February 1833.[4] His health continued to deteriorate, and he returned to his estate, in 1834, where his health continued to deteriorate until his death 4 years later. He went both blind and senile in his final years.
Lord Dalhousie married Christian, daughter of Charles Broun, of ColstouninEast Lothian, Scotland, a lady of gentle extraction and distinguished gifts, in 1805.[7][8] She was recognised as a "zealous botanist" by leading scientists of her day.
Ramsay and Christian had three sons, the two elder of whom died early. He died at Dalhousie Castle in March 1838, aged 67, and was succeeded by his youngest son, James, who was later created Marquess of Dalhousie. Lady Dalhousie died in January 1839.
While serving as Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia he founded Dalhousie UniversityinHalifax, Nova Scotia. The town of Dalhousie, New Brunswick was named after him when he visited there in 1826, although his diary entry for the day stated that he disapproved of changing the original French and Mi'kmaq location names. The villages of East and West Dalhousie in Nova Scotia are named after him, as are Earltown and Port Dalhousie, which is part of St. Catharines, Ontario, a community in Calgary Alberta, Dalhousie Station and an adjacent square, Dalhousie SquareinMontreal.[9]
Lord Dalhousie's feelings about black refugees went well beyond words. As Nova Scotia's governor, he called on the British government to return the refugees to the U.S. or send them to Sierra Leone. According to the Nova Scotia Archives, he dropped the idea after visiting them and discovering that 'none of them are willing to return to their masters, or to America.'
While they were there, between 1823 [sic] and 1828 [sic], the countess did some serious plant collecting in and around Simla, and on their final return to Britain she presented her complete Indian herbarium of some 1,200 specimens to the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. This gesture resulted in William Hooker dedicating a volume of Curtis's Botanical Magazine to her, and Robert Graham, Professor of Botany at Edinburgh, then named the genus Dalhousiea for her, although one feels she deserved better than this not particularly interesting leguminous plant.
Lady Dalhousie offered to send me everything in her power from Canada & she is a very zealous Botanist.
| Masonic offices | ||
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| Preceded by | Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Scotland 1804–1806 |
Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by
George Stracey Smyth |
Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia 1816–1820 |
Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Governor General of British North America 1820–1828 |
Succeeded by |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by | Colonel of the 26th (Cameronian) Regiment of Foot 1813–1838 |
Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Commander-in-Chief, India 1830–1832 |
Succeeded by |
| Peerage of Scotland | ||
| Preceded by | Earl of Dalhousie 1787–1838 |
Succeeded by |
| Peerage of the United Kingdom | ||
| New creation | Baron Dalhousie 1815–1838 |
Succeeded by |
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| Governors at Annapolis Royal (1710–1749) |
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| Governors at Halifax (1749–1786) |
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| Lieutenant-governors of Cape Breton Island (1784–1820) |
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| Lieutenant-governors of Nova Scotia before responsible government (1786–1848) |
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| Lieutenant-governors between responsible government and Confederation (1848–1867) |
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| Post-Confederation (1867–present) |
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Lieutenant-governors who served in the absence of governors are listed in parentheses. Acting administrators are listed in italics. | |
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| Post-Confederation (1867–present) |
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| Province of Canada (1841–66)* |
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| Lower Canada (1791–1841) |
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| British Province of Quebec (1759–91)* |
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