Klein was born into a Moravian Jewish family in Přerov and, showing musical talent early, studied piano with Růžena Kurzová and Vilém Kurz, and composition with Alois Hába (in 1939–40). He was forced to abort his university studies in 1940 when the Nazis closed all institutions of higher learning following their occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939. Since compositions and performances by Jewish musicians were banned, his own works could not be performed, though he managed to perform as a concert pianist under several aliases for a time, e.g., under the pseudonym Karel Vránek.[1] Despite those harsh circumstances Klein managed to continue composing. In 1940 he was offered a scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music in London, but by that time anti-Jewish legislation prevented his emigration.[2]
In December 1941 he was deported by the NazistoTerezín concentration camp, where along with Leoš Janáček's pupil Pavel Haas, Hans Krása, and Schoenberg's pupil Viktor Ullmann he became one of the major composers at that camp. He gave concerts in secret,[3] but the camp became one of the few in which artistic activity was eventually permitted by Nazis on any scale, if only to deceive the broader public as to their real intentions.[4] His works from these years include music for string quartet (similar in tone to Berg's opus3work), a string trio, and a piano sonata, among others. Moreover, Klein performed as solo pianist at approximately 15 recitals,[5] and also participated in chamber music performances (member of piano trio, piano quartet).
Klein was deported to Auschwitz in October 1944 and then to Fürstengrube, a coal-mining labour camp, in October 1944, less than two weeks after completing his string trio. Klein was murdered under unclear circumstances at age 25 on January 25, 1945, during the liquidation of Fürstengrube, a subcamp of Auschwitz.[6] He had confided his manuscripts to Irma Semecká, his Theresienstadt girlfriend, before leaving, and they were turned over to his sister Eliška at the war's end.[4]
His work was influenced by Alois Hába, Arnold Schoenberg, Alban Berg, and particularly Leoš Janáček. He used melody from Janáček's Zápisník zmizelého as a theme in his Divertimento (1940).
Recordings on Northeastern and on Koch International Classics, for example, have allowed modern listeners to evaluate the quality of his compositions of the 1940s.
Slavický, Milan: Gideon Klein. A Fragment of Life and Work. Praha: Helvetica Tempora 1995. ISBN80-902124-5-X (Czech version of the book ISBN80-902124-0-9)
Kuna, Milan: Hudba vzdoru a naděje. Terezín 1941–1945. Praha: Editio Bärenreiter 2000. H 7822
Vysloužil, Jiří: Hudební slovník pro každého II. Vizovice: Lípa, 1998 ISBN80-86093-23-9
Fligg, David: Dopis od Gideona. Praha: Nakladatelství P3K 2019. ISBN978-80-87343-92-0
Fligg, David: (Re)Visiting the (Jewish) Archive of Gideon Klein - Terezin, 1941-1944, in Erik Levi and David Fanning (eds.) 'The Routledge Handbook to Music under German Occupation, 1938-1945.' Oxon: Routledge 2020. ISBN978-1-138-71388-8
Fligg, David: Gideon Klein at 100: A festival and a new biography. Prague: Czech Music Quarterly 2020. ISSN1211-0264
Fligg, David. Don't forget about me: The Short Life of Gideon Klein, Composer and Pianist. Boydell & Brewer (2022). ISBN978-0-907-68922-5
Dümling, Albrecht, ed., Torso eines Lebens Der Komponist und Pianist Gideon Klein (1919-1945), von Bockel Verlag, Neumünster, 2021 ISBN978-3-95675-031-1
