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Grail (web browser)

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Grail
Grail 0.6 running under Python 2.7 on Linux
Original author(s)	Guido van Rossum^[1]^[2]
Developer(s)	Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI)
Initial release	August 1995; 28 years ago (1995-08)

Preview release	0.6 / 1 April 1999; 25 years ago (1999-04-01)

Repository	sourceforge.net/projects/grail/
Written in	Python
Type	Web browser
License	Free software license^[3]
Website	grail.sourceforge.net

Grail was a free extensible multi-platform web browser written in the Python programming language. The project was started in August 1995, with its first public release in November of that year.^[4] The last official release was version 0.6 in 1999.

One of the major distinguishing features of Grail was the ability to run client-side Python code, in much the same way as mainstream browsers run client-side JavaScript code.^[5]^[6]

The name Grail is thought to be a tribute to Monty Python and the Holy Grail, a film by the British comedy group Monty Python. The name follows a similar suit to that of Python's─the programming language was too named after Monty Python.

References[edit]

^ Scripting the Web with Python^{[permanent dead link]}, I wrote Grail version 0.1 in less than two weeks, as a sort of demo; it consisted of under 2000 lines in 14 source files. It was released in August 1995., Guido van Rossum

^ Mark Lutz (2001). Programming Python. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 519. ISBN 978-0-596-00085-1.

^ Grail source license

^ Grail - The Browser For The Rest Of Us (DRAFT)

^ 18.5.1. A Simple Grail Applet Example, Thinking about Programming Python, 3rd Edition - Advanced Internet Topics - Grail A Python Based Web Browser, CodeIdol

^ Henricksen, Karen (15 October 1999). "5.2 Grail architecture" (PDF). Adaptive Applications in Mobile Environments. Indulska, Jadwiga (supervisor): 47. Retrieved 16 December 2016.

External links[edit]

Official website

Timelineofweb browsers

General

1990s

1990	WorldWideWeb (Nexus)
1991	Line Mode Browser libwww
1992	Erwise MacWWW (Samba) MidasWWW tkWWW ViolaWWW
1993	AMosaic Arena Cello Emacs/W3 Lynx 2 NCSA Mosaic VMS Mosaic
1994	AirMosaic Internet in a Box ANT Fresco Argo IBM WebExplorer SlipKnot Minuet Navipress Mosaic/Mosaic Netscape/Netscape Navigator Spyglass Mosaic TCP/Connect II
1995	Agora ALynx AMSD Ariadna Cyberjack eWorld Web Browser Grail Internet Explorer 1 Internet Explorer 2 Netscape Navigator 2 NetShark OmniWeb HotJava UdiWWW WebShark w3m
1996	Cyberdog Arachne AWeb IBrowse Amaya Internet Explorer 3 Netscape Navigator 3 Opera 2 Oracle PowerBrowser tcpCONNECT4 Voyager
1997	Netscape Communicator Internet Explorer 4 Opera 2.1
1998	NeoPlanet Mozilla Application Suite Opera 3–3.21
1999	iCab Internet Explorer 5 OmniWeb 3 Opera 3.5–3.62

2000s

2000	Beonex Communicator Galeon K-Meleon MediaBrowser Netscape 6 Opera 4–4.02
2001	iCab 2.5 Internet Explorer 6 OmniWeb 4 Opera 5–5.12
2002	Camino Epiphany Netscape 7 Opera 6–6.1
2003	GreenBrowser Maxthon Opera 7–7.3 Safari SlimBrowser
2004	Phoenix/Firebird/Firefox Opera 7.5–7.55
2005	AOL Explorer Deepnet Explorer Firefox 1.5 Netscape Browser Opera 8–8.54 Safari 2
2006	Firefox 2 Internet Explorer 7 Opera 9–9.27
2007	Maxthon 2 Opera 9.5–9.64 Safari 3 SeaMonkey 1.1
2008	Chrome Firefox 3 Netscape Navigator 9 NetSurf 1.2
2009	Chrome 2–3 Firefox 3.5 Internet Explorer 8 Opera 10–10.63 Pale Moon Safari 4 SeaMonkey 2.0

2010s

2010	Chrome 4–8 Firefox 3.6 Lunascape 6.0.1 Maxthon 3 NetSurf 2.5 Opera 11–11.64 Safari 5
2011	Chrome 9–16 Firefox 4–9 Internet Explorer 9 Lunascape 6.5 Opera 12–12.17 SeaMonkey 2.1–2.4 Waterfox
2012	Chrome 17–23 Firefox 10–17 Internet Explorer 10 Lunascape 6.7 Maxthon 3.4 NetSurf 2.9 Safari 6 Yandex Browser
2013	Chrome 24–31 Firefox 18–26 Internet Explorer 11 Opera 15–18 Safari 7 SeaMonkey 2.15–2.22
2014	Chrome 32–39 Firefox 27–34 Lunascape 6.9 NetSurf 3.1 Opera 19–26 Safari 8 SeaMonkey 2.23–2.31
2015	Chrome 40–47 Firefox 35–43 Lunascape 6.10–6.12 Microsoft Edge 20, 25 Opera 27–34 Safari 9 SeaMonkey 2.32–2.39 Vivaldi Technical Preview 1–Beta 2
2016	Brave 0.7–0.12 Chrome 48–55 Firefox 44–50 Lunascape 6.13–6.15 Microsoft Edge 38 Opera 35–42 Safari 10 Vivaldi Beta 3–1.6 Yandex 15.12–16.9
2017	Brave 0.13–0.19 Chrome 56–63 Firefox 51–57 Microsoft Edge 40, 41 Opera 43–49 Safari 11 SeaMonkey 2.46–2.49 Vivaldi 1.7–1.13
2018	Basilisk Brave 0.20–0.60 Chrome 64–71 Firefox 58–64 Microsoft Edge 42–44 Opera 50–57 Safari 12 Vivaldi 1.14–2.2 Waterfox 56.0–56.2 Yandex 17.9–18.10
2019	Brave 0.61–1.1 Chrome 72–79 Firefox 65–71 Microsoft Edge 44 Opera 58–65 Safari 13 Vivaldi 2.3–2.10 Waterfox 60.1–68.0a2 Whale 1.4–1.5 Yandex 18.11–19.12

2020s

2020	Brave 1.2–1.18 Chrome 80–87 Firefox 72–84 Microsoft Edge 79–87 Opera 66–73 SeaMonkey 2.53 Vivaldi 2.11–3.5 Safari 14
2021	Brave 1.19–1.33 Chrome 88–96 Firefox 85–95 Microsoft Edge 88–96 Opera 74–82 SeaMonkey 2.53.10.2 Vivaldi 3.6–5.0 Yandex 20.11.5–21.3 Safari 15
2022	Arc 0.46–0.81 Brave 1.34–1.46 Chrome 97–108 Firefox 96–108 Microsoft Edge 97–108 Opera 83–94 Vivaldi 5.1–5.6 Yandex 22.1–22.11 Safari 16
2023	Arc 0.85–1.21 Brave 1.47–1.61 Chrome 109–120 Firefox 109–121 Microsoft Edge 109–120 Opera 95–106 Vivaldi 5.7–6.5 Yandex 23.1–23.11 Safari 17
2024	Arc 1.25– Brave 1.62– Chrome 121– Firefox 122– Microsoft Edge 121– Opera 107– Vivaldi 6.6– Yandex 24.1–