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Greek Military Police

Military Police Στρατονομία
Active	1951–1976 (Greek Military Police) 1976–present (Military Police)
Country	Greece
Branch	Hellenic Army
Role	Military Police
Headquarters	37°58′51″N 23°45′08″E / 37.980959°N 23.752130°E / 37.980959; 23.752130 (ESA)
Motto(s)	Consciously obey the Laws (Greek: Νόμοις Πείθου)
Insignia
Abbreviation	ΕΣΑ (1951–1976) ΣΝ (1976–present)

The Military Police (Greek: Στρατονομία), is the military police of the Hellenic Army.

It was formerly known as the Greek Military Police (Greek: Ελληνική Στρατιωτική Αστυνομία), and by the acronym ESA (Greek: ΕΣΑ), between 1951 and 1976. ^[1] Up until Metapolitefsi, it developed into a powerful organization within the Army and a stronghold of right-wing, conservative Army officers.^[2] It became the main security (secret police) and intelligence organization during the Greek military junta of 1967–1974, as martial law was introduced widely. Its Special Investigative Section engaged in widespead abuse against officers and soldiers and thus, following the fall of the junta and the restoration of democracy in 1974, it was gradually cleansed of torturers and reorganized into its current form.

Establishment[edit]

The ESA was established in 1951, as Greece was preparing to join NATO.^[3] Up until then, the Greek Army did not have a specialized military police force, with the Hellenic Gendarmerie acting as military police whereas necessary. Being posted in the ESA was a major bonus for Army officers because it had very extensive powers within the military, even before the dictatorship. Both the officers and the soldiers who served in ESA were picked for their extreme, almost paranoid, anti-communism.^[4] This resulted in making ESA a bastion of the most conservative and anti-democratic members of the Greek officer corps. ESA men wore a distinctive uniform with a royal blue cap cover (whilst the soldiers wore a beret at the time), golden lanyard on their right shoulder and an armband with the letters ESA around their left arm. The uniform remains unchanged save for the ESA acronym, which has now been replaced by SN.

During the Junta[edit]

In April 1967, shortly after seizing power in a coup, junta leader George Papadopoulos appointed Dimitrios Ioannides chief of the ESA, which gradually had been transformed into an internal security army.

When Papadopoulos declared Martial law after the 1967 coup, he increased the power of the ESA even further by making it the junta's chief arm of law and order as well as repression. Under Ioannides, ESA rose to a force of more than 20,000 men.^[5]

Thousands of the junta's political opponents were arrested by the ESA and sent to some of the Aegean's most desolate islands, called the prison islands. Many of the allegations of prisoner torture under the Papadopoulos regime involved the ESA, in particular its Special Investigative Section (Greek: Εἰδικὸν Ἀνακριτικὸν Τμῆμα, tr. Eidikón Anakritikón Tmíma), commonly known in its abbreviated form as ΕAT or EAT/ESA (Greek: ΕΑΤ or ΕΑΤ/ΕΣΑ).

Use of torture chambers by ESA during interrogations was reported during the Greek military junta years.^[6][7] Alexandros Panagoulis was one example of a person tortured at the EAT/ESA interrogation cell units.^[6][8] Greek politician Nikos Konstantopoulos is another example.^[9] Army Major Spyros Moustaklis was left brain damaged and unable to speak after the torture he endured at EAT/ESA.

Alarmed at moves Papadopoulos was making towards a transition to democratic rule, Ioannidis used his position and power as ESA chief to oust him from power.

The ESA was disbanded in 1974 by Constantine Karamanlis^{[citation needed]} and its leading members involved in torture were court-martialled and sentenced during the Greek junta trials, although many served only token prison terms. This was due to the fact that torture was not a recorded criminal offence in the penal code when it was perpetrated, and thus they could only be prosecuted for grievous bodily harm.^[10] Notably, 3 ESA members (out of the 37 prosecuted) were sentenced in 23, 22, and 17 years in prison as their charges included assault against superior officers held in ESA after the 1973 mutiny plot,^[11] charges later reduced upon appeal.

Members[edit]

Research based on interviews with 21 former ESA members shows that all had been men had been drafted, first into regular military service and then into the ESA. Carried out by Janice T. Gibson and Mika Haritos-Fatouros, the research also showed that recruits underwent series of rigorous treatments and training over a matter of months in order to prepare them psychologically for the task of torturing detainees.^[12]

Buildings[edit]

The headquarters of the Special Interrogation Sections of the Military Police (EAT-ESA) was in a building which now houses the Eleftherios Venizelos Museum at Eleftherias Park, Vassilissis Sofias Avenue in Athens.^[8][13]

Operating doctrine[edit]

According to witnesses at the court martial proceedings, ESA's operating doctrine was:

"Those who enter here, exit either as friends or as cripples."^[14]

In popular culture[edit]

• Yannis Smaragdis’ 1975 film Cell Zero focuses on the violence and torture carried out at the EAT/ESA headquarters, examining the impact of the Greek junta on a group of people with differing political convictions.

After 1974[edit]

Law 276/76 renamed ESA simply to "Military Police" (Στρατονομία, Stratonomia).

Corresponding organizations exist also for the other two branches of the Greek armed forces: for the Hellenic Air Force (Αερονομία, Aeronomia), founded in 1945 as "Greek Air Force Police" (Ἑλληνική Ἀεροπορικὴ Ἀστυνομία, EAA), and for the Hellenic Navy (Ναυτονομία, Naftonomia, properly Υπηρεσία Ναυτονομίας or Y.NΑ.).

These three forces work together often but are independent from each other. Most of the personnel are draftee soldiers undergoing their regular military service.

Citations and notes[edit]

See also[edit]

• Military police
• Your Neighbor's Son

External links[edit]

• Google Translation of Vice Admiral Dimitriades' interview TV series: Reportage without frontiers (From ET Greek National TV)
• To Vima interview with Nikos Konstantopoulos (Translation by Google)