Gregory John Retallack (born 8 November 1951) is an Australian paleontologist, geologist, and author who specializes in the study of fossil soils (paleopedology). His research has examined the fossil record of soils though major events in Earth history, extending back some 4.6 billion years.[1] He has written two textbooks on paleopedology.[2]
In 1973,[5] Retallack discovered that paleosols were preserved among fossil roots below some kinds of fossil plant horizons and that paleosols could reveal aspects of plant communities difficult to infer from the fossil plants themselves.[6] This novel approach to reconstructing life on land could be applied to understanding major events in evolution, sometimes supplementing and sometimes challenging prior understanding. Initial work was on Triassic vegetation and climate.[7] Later construction of Cenozoicpaleoclimate time series led to the idea that grassland-grazer coevolution was responsible for climatic cooling over the past 50 million years,[8] which has implications for biosequestration of carbon. Fieldwork in Kenyaonpaleosols associated with apes (Proconsulidae) ancestral to humans revealed that the evolutionary transition to upright stance occurred in woodlands rather than savannas.[9] Paleosols of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundaryinMontana implicated abrupt paleoclimatic change and acid rain from extraterrestrial impact in the extinction of dinosaurs[10]
Work on the Permian-Triassic boundaryinAntarctica lead to formulation of an hypothesis of greenhouse crisis due to methane outburst associated with flood basalt in this greatest of all mass extinctions[11]Devonian fossil soils at sites for tetrapods suggest a woodland hypothesis for the evolutionary transition from fish to amphibian.[12]
Retallack discovered fossil soils at classical South Australian sites for the Ediacara biota and reported it is evidence that these fossils formerly regarded as marine were instead terrestrial organisms such as lichens, slime molds and microbial colonies.[13] Retallack has also reinterpreted volcanic tuffs of Newfoundland as terrestrial lapilli and sanidine tuffs, and so found fossiliferous Ediacaran paleosols there as well[14]APaleoproterozoic paleosol with problematic fossils (Diskagma) comparable with the living Geosiphon (a fungus) could suggest a long evolutionary history for life on land.[15]Diskagma from South Africa is as old as 2.2 billion years, pushing back the arrival of life on land much further than the previous record of 1.2 billion years.[16][17] Such putative ancient and complex life on land could support the view that life originated in soil.[18]
Oligocene fossil soils of well-drained woodlands (red bands) and swamps (black spots) in the Painted Hills, Oregon[19]
In a challenge to young earth creationism, Retallack debunked interpretation of the fossil forests of Yellowstone National Park as deposits of volcanic lahars in which tree trunks landed upright,[27] by showing that the fossil stumps were rooted in moderately developed paleosols.[28] Because moderate development of soils can take as long as 5000 years, only a few paleosols in succession are needed to exceed the young earth creationism age of the Earth, and at Yellowstone there are at least 24 successive fossil forests.[29]
In addition to paleopedology, Retallack continues research in paleobotany. His special interests include Triassic fossil plants such as Pleuromeia,[30]Isoetes,[31]Dicroidium[32] and Lepidopteris.[33] With David Dilcher he developed a coastal hypothesis for the dispersal and rise to dominance of angiosperms.[34] Retallack also developed new techniques in cuticle analysis for using stomatal index of fossil Ginkgo leaves to obtain past atmospheric carbon dioxide.[35] This work led Retallack to propose the concept of paleoenvironmental regulation by the Proserpina Principle: plants cool the planet, whereas animals warm it.[36]
Retallack's name is honored by several fossils including Cladophlebis retallackii, fossil fern foliage,[37]Sapindopsis retallackii early angiosperm leaves[38] and Hypisodus retallacki, a fossil mouse deer.[39]
Paleosols (massive red bands) at horizons for Ediacaran fossils in Brachina Gorge, South Australia.[13]
He served as the president and vice president of the Cordilleran Section of the Paleontological Society, of the Oregon Academy of Sciences,[41] and of the University of Oregon Chapter of the Society of Sigma Xi.
Early reviews of Retallack's textbooks have been positive. Of Soils of the Past, David Fastovsky concludes "it is requisite for all persons trying to understand paleosols".[42]OfA Colour Guide to Paleosols, Daniel Yaalon concludes "Highly recommended for students and researchers alike for an introductory insight to paleopedology and to whet and refine their skills in paleosol interpretation."[43] Both reviews however baulked at the unfamiliarity of soil science terminology and classification in these texts.[42][43]
Retallack's approach to the description and interpretation of paleosols has been widely adopted.[44] Some controversy concerned use of modern soil taxonomies for paleosols,[45] but Retallack's approach has since been validated by development of additional geochemical proxies for soil taxonomic criteria.[46] Retallack's confirmation of abrupt paleoenvironmental change on land at the Cretaceous-Tertiary[10] and Permian-Triassic boundaries,[11] has been supported by later research on extinction.[citation needed]
Retallack's initial taphonomy work interpreting some Ediacaran biota as lichens[47] was questioned[48] for its applicability to all Ediacaran fossils. The recent Retallack proposal that Ediacaran fossils were preserved in paleosols and thus could not be marine fossils,[13] is a provocative challenge to prior interpretations,[2] and has been supported in some quarters,[49] but disputed in others.[50] However this hypothesis of Retallack is not universally accepted by the paleontological community.[51][52]Nature called it a "controversial claim" in a news report, in which paleontologist Guy Narbonne said "Most of us appreciated that Retallack's lichen hypothesis was innovative thinking and tested his ideas critically, but it quickly became clear that there are simpler explanations for the features Retallack had validly noted, and most of us moved on to more promising explanations."[53]
In 2020, Retallack and other researchers claimed to have found Dickinsonia fossils from Bhimbetka rock shelters, India.[54] However, in 2023 other researchers have stated that the material was actually the decayed remnants of a beehive.[55] Retallack and colleagues acknowledge this mistake discovered because of effacement of the fossil in a way impossible for real Dickinsonia.[56][57]
Retallack has been honored for his research, including the Stillwell Award of the Geological Society of Australia, for best paper in the society journal in 1977, Ingerson Award of the Geochemical Society in 2015, and the Antarctica Service Medal of the U.S. National Science Foundation in 1999.[citation needed] He has been an invited lecturer throughout the U.S., and also to Germany, England, China, Thailand and India.
Retallack, G. J. (2008). "Rocks, views, soils and plants at the temples of ancient Greece". Antiquity. 82 (317): 640–657. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00097283. S2CID15115738.
^Retallack, G. J. (1973). "Stratigraphy, palaeobotany and environmental analysis of an area around Pittwater, north of Sydney, N.S.W.". BSC Honours Thesis, University of New England. Armidale, New South Wales.
^Retallack, G. J. (1977). "Triassic palaeosols in the upper Narrabeen Group of New South Wales. Part II: Classification and reconstruction". Journal of the Geological Society of Australia. 24 (1–2): 19–35. doi:10.1080/00167617708728964.
^Retallack, G. J. (1997). "Palaeosols in the upper Narrabeen Group of New South Wales as evidence of Early Triassic palaeoenvironments without exact modern analogues". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 44 (2): 185–201. Bibcode:1997AuJES..44..185R. doi:10.1080/08120099708728303.
^Retallack, G. J. (2013). "Global cooling by grasslands in the geological past and near future". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 41: 5.1–18. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-124001.
^Retallack, G. J. (2007). "Paleosols". In Henke, W.; Tattersall, I. (eds.). Handbook of paleoanthropology, Volume 1. Principles, methods and approaches. Vol. 1. Berlin: Springer Verlag. pp. 383–408.
^ abRetallack, G. J. (2004). "End-Cretaceous acid rain as a selective extinction mechanism between birds and dinosaurs". In Currie, P. J.; Koppelhus, E. B.; Shugar, M. A.; Wright, J. L. (eds.). Feathered dragons: studies on the transition from dinosaurs to birds. pp. 35–64.
^Retallack, G.J. (2014). "Volcanosedimentary paleoenvironments of Ediacaran fossils in Newfoundland". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 126 (5–6): 619–638. Bibcode:2014GSAB..126..619R. doi:10.1130/B30892.1.
^ ab
Retallack, G. J.; Krull, E. S.; Thackray, G. D.; Parkinson, D. (2013). "Problematic urn-shaped fossils from a Paleoproterozoic (2.2 Ga) paleosol in South Africa". Precambrian Research. 235: 71–87. Bibcode:2013PreR..235...71R. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2013.05.015.
^Peter Byrne (24 April 2014). "Early Life in Death Valley". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 8 May 2014. Reprinted in ScientificAmerican.com
^Retallack, G. J. (2007). "Coevolution of life and earth". In Stevenson, D. (ed.). Treatise of geophysics: Earth evolution. Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 295–320.
^Retallack, G. J.; Bestland, E. A.; Fremd, T. J. (2000). Eocene and Oligocene paleosols and environmental change in central Oregon. Boulder, Colorado: Geological Society of America Special Paper 344. ISBN978-0-8137-2344-0.
^Retallack, G. J.; Kirby, M. X. (2007). "Middle Miocene global change and paleogeography of Panama". PALAIOS. 22 (6): 667–679. doi:10.2110/palo.2006.p06-130r. S2CID56409337.
^Retallack, G. J. (1981). "Comment on "Reinterpretation of the depositional environment of the Yellowstone fossil forest"". Geology. 9 (2): 52–53. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<52:CARORO>2.0.CO;2.
^Retallack, G. J.; Dilcher, D. L. (1988). "Reconstructions of selected seed ferns". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 75 (3): 1010–1057. doi:10.2307/2399379. JSTOR2399379.
^Retallack, G. J. (2002). "Lepidopteris callipteroides, the earliest Triassic seed fern in the Sydney Basin, southeastern Australia". Alcheringa. 26 (4): 475–499. doi:10.1080/03115510208619538. S2CID129439745.
^Retallack, G. J.; Dilcher, D.L. (1986). "Angiosperm invasion of North America". Cretaceous Research. 7 (3): 227–252. doi:10.1016/0195-6671(86)90027-3.
^Retallack, G. J. (2007). "Soils and global change in the carbon cycle over geological time". In Holland, H. D.; Turekian, K. K. (eds.). Treatise of geochemistry. Oxford: Pergamon Press. pp. 581–605.
^Holmes, W. B. K. (2003). "The middle Triassic megafossil flora of the Basin Creek Formation, Nymboida Coal Measures, New South Wales. Part 3. Fern-like foliage". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 124: 53–108.
^Wang, H.-S.; Dilcher, D.L. (2018). "Early Cretaceous angiosperm leaves from the Dakota Formation, Hoisington III locality, Kasas, USA". Palaeontologia Electronica. 21.3.34A: 1–49.
^Meehan, T. J.; Martin, L. D. (2004). "Emended genus description and a new species of Hypisodus (Artiodactyla: Ruminantia; Hypertragulidae)". In Lucas, S. G.; Zeigler, K. E.; Kondrashov, P. E. (eds.). Paleogene mammals. Albuquerque: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. pp. 237–143.
^Retallack, G. J. (2008). "Rocks, views, soils and plants at the temples of ancient Greece". Antiquity. 82 (317): 640–657. doi:10.1017/s0003598x00097283. S2CID15115738.
^
Driese, S. G.; Nordt, L. C. (2012). New frontiers in paleopedology and terrestrial paleoclimatology. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Society for Sedimentary Geology. ISBN978-1-56576-322-7.
^Waggoner, B. M.; Collins, A. G. (2004). "Reductio Ad Absurdum: Testing The Evolutionary Relationships Of Ediacaran And Paleozoic Problematic Fossils Using Molecular Divergence Dates". Journal of Paleontology. 78 (1): 51–61. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0051:RAATTE>2.0.CO;2. S2CID8556856.
