Prymnesiophyceae s.l. Casper, 1972 ex Hibberd, 1976
Haptophyceae s.l. Christensen, 1962 ex Silva, 1980
Haptophyta Hibberd, 1976
The haptophytes, classified either as the Haptophyta, HaptophytinaorPrymnesiophyta (named for Prymnesium), are a cladeofalgae.
The names HaptophyceaeorPrymnesiophyceae are sometimes used instead.[2][3][4] This ending implies classification at the classrank rather than as a division. Although the phylogenetics of this group has become much better understood in recent years, there remains some dispute over which rank is most appropriate.
The chloroplasts are pigmented similarly to those of the heterokonts,[5] but the structure of the rest of the cell is different, so it may be that they are a separate line whose chloroplasts are derived from similar red algal endosymbionts.
The cells typically have two slightly unequal flagella, both of which are smooth, and a unique organelle called a haptonema, which is superficially similar to a flagellum but differs in the arrangement of microtubules and in its use. The name comes from the Greekhapsis, touch, and nema, round thread. The mitochondria have tubular cristae.
The best-known haptophytes are coccolithophores, which make up 673 of the 762 described haptophyte species,[6] and have an exoskeleton of calcareous plates called coccoliths. Coccolithophores are some of the most abundant marine phytoplankton, especially in the open ocean, and are extremely abundant as microfossils, forming chalk deposits. Other planktonic haptophytes of note include Chrysochromulina and Prymnesium, which periodically form toxic marine algal blooms, and Phaeocystis, blooms of which can produce unpleasant foam which often accumulates on beaches.[7]
The haptophytes were first placed in the class Chrysophyceae (golden algae), but ultrastructural data have provided evidence to classify them separately.[10] Both molecular and morphological evidence supports their division into five orders; coccolithophores make up the Isochrysidales and Coccolithales. Very small (2-3μm) uncultured pico-prymnesiophytes are ecologically important.[7]
Haptophytes was discussed to be closely related to cryptomonads.[11]
Haptophytes are closely related to the SAR clade.[12]
Subphylum Haptophytina Cavalier-Smith 2015 [Haptophyta Hibberd 1976 sensu Ruggerio et al. 2015][13]
^Andersen RA (October 2004). "Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1508–22. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1508. PMID21652306.
^Renaud SM, Zhou HC, Parry DL, Thinh LV, Woo KC (1995). "Effect of temperature on the growth, total lipid content and fatty acid composition of recently isolated tropical microalgae Isochrysis sp., Nitzschia closterium, Nitzschia paleacea, and commercial species Isochrysis sp. (clone T.ISO)". Journal of Applied Phycology. 7 (6): 595–602. doi:10.1007/BF00003948. S2CID206766536.
^Kato M, Sakai M, Adachi K, Ikemoto H, Sano H (1996). "Distribution of betaine lipids in marine algae". Phytochemistry. 42 (5): 1341–5. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(96)00115-X.
^Reeb VC, Peglar MT, Yoon HS, Bai JR, Wu M, Shiu P, et al. (October 2009). "Interrelationships of chromalveolates within a broadly sampled tree of photosynthetic protists". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 53 (1): 202–11. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.012. PMID19398025.
