| Hero of the Soviet Union | |
|---|---|
Gold star medal of the Hero of the Soviet Union
| |
| Type | Highest degree of distinction |
| Awarded for | Heroic feats in service to the Soviet state and society |
| Presented by |  Soviet Union |
| Eligibility | Soviet and foreign citizens |
| Status | No longer awarded |
| Established | 16 April 1934 |
| First awarded | 20 April 1934 |
| Last awarded | 24 December 1991 |
| Total | 12,777 |
| Precedence | |
| Next (lower) | Hero of Socialist Labour |
| Related | Hero of the Russian Federation |
The title Hero of the Soviet Union (Russian: Герой Советского Союза, romanized: Geroy Sovietskogo Soyuza) was the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded together with the Order of Lenin personally or collectively for heroic feats in service to the Soviet state and society.[1] The title was awarded both to civilian and military persons.
The award was established on 16 April 1934, by the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union.[2] The first recipients of the title originally received only the Order of Lenin, the highest Soviet award, along with a certificate (грамота, gramota) describing the heroic deed from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Because the Order of Lenin could be awarded for deeds not qualifying for the title of hero, and to distinguish heroes from other Order of Lenin holders, the Gold Star medal was introduced on 1 August 1939.[3] Earlier heroes were retroactively eligible for these items.[citation needed]
A hero could be awarded the title again for a subsequent heroic feat with an additional Gold Star medal and certificate.[4] The practice of awarding additional Orders of Lenin when the title was awarded multiple times was abolished by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1988 during perestroika.[4]
Forty-four foreign citizens were awarded the title.[5]
The title was also awarded posthumously,[6] though often without the actual Gold Star medal presented.[citation needed]
The title could be revoked only by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet.[7]
Most Soviet-bloc countries followed the Soviet example and instituted their own "Hero" awards. The Soviet-style "Hero" title is still used both in surviving current Communist states such as Cuba and in some non-Communist post-Soviet countries such as Russia, Ukraine, and others.
Individuals who received the award were entitled to special privileges, including:
In total, during the existence of the USSR, the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was awarded to 12,777 people (excluding 72 stripped of the title for defamatory acts and 13 awards annulled as unwarranted), including 154 people who received the award twice (nine posthumously), three who received it three times, and two who received it four times. Ninety-five women were awarded the title. Among the Heroes of the Soviet Union, 44 people are citizens of foreign states. The great majority of them received it during World War II (11,635 Heroes of the Soviet Union, 101 twice Heroes, three thrice Heroes, and two four-time Heroes). Eighty-five people (28 posthumously) were awarded the title for actions related to the Soviet-Afghan War, which lasted from 1979 until 1989.[9]
The first recipients of the award were the pilots Anatoly Liapidevsky (certificate number one), Sigizmund Levanevsky, Vasily Molokov, Mavriky Slepnyov, Nikolai Kamanin, Ivan Doronin, and Mikhail Vodopianov, who participated in the successful aerial search and rescue of the crew of the steamship Cheliuskin, which sank in Arctic waters, crushed by ice fields, on 13 February 1934. Valery Chkalov, who made the first-ever Trans-polar flight, was awarded the title on 24 July 1936. Valentina Grizodubova, a female pilot, was the first woman to become a Hero of the Soviet Union (2 November 1938)[10] for her international women's record for a straight-line distance flight. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, a Soviet partisan, was the first woman to become a Hero of the Soviet Union during World War II (February 16, 1942), posthumously.[citation needed]
In addition, over 100 people received the award twice. A second Hero title, either Hero of the Soviet Union or Hero of Socialist Labour entitled the recipient to have a bronze bust of his or her likeness with a commemorative inscription erected in his or her hometown.[11]
Fighter pilots Aleksandr Pokryshkin and Ivan Kozhedub were three times Heroes of the Soviet Union.[12] A third award entitled the recipient to have their bronze bust erected on a columnar pedestal in Moscow, near the Palace of the Soviets, but the palace was never built.[citation needed]
After his release from serving a 20-year sentence in a Mexican prison for the assassination of Leon Trotsky, Ramón Mercader moved to the Soviet Union in 1961 and as Ramon Lopez[13] was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Hero of the Soviet Union medal "for the special deed" by KGB head Alexander Shelepin.[citation needed]
The only individuals to receive the title four times were Marshal Georgy Zhukov and Leonid Brezhnev. The original statute of the Hero of the Soviet Union, however, did not provide for a fourth title; its provisions allowed for a maximum of three awards regardless of later deeds. Both Zhukov and Brezhnev received their fourth titles under controversial circumstances. Namely, Zhukov was awarded a fourth title in direct violation of the statute.[4] He was awarded the fourth time "for his large accomplishments" on the occasion of his 60th birthday on December 1, 1956. There is some speculation that Zhukov's fourth Hero medal was for his participation in the arrest of Lavrentiy Beria in 1953, but this was not entered in the records. Brezhnev's four awards further eroded the prestige of the award because they were all birthday gifts, on the occasions of his 60th, 70th, 72nd and 75th birthdays. Such practices halted in 1988 due to a decision of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which formally ended it.[citation needed] By the 1970s, the award had been somewhat devalued. Important political and military persons had been awarded it on the occasions of their birthdays rather than for any immediate heroic activity.[citation needed] All Soviet cosmonauts, starting from Yuri Gagarin, as well as foreign citizens from non-capitalist countries who participated in the Soviet space program as cosmonauts, received a Hero award for each flight, but no more than twice.[citation needed]
Apart from individuals, the title was also awarded to twelve cities (Hero City) as well as the fortress of Brest (Hero-Fortress) for collective heroism during the War.[14]
The last recipient of the title "Hero of the Soviet Union" was a Soviet diver, Captain of the 3rd rank Leonid Mikhailovich Solodkov on 24 December 1991 for his leadership and participation in a series of unprecedented extreme depth diving experiments.[15] Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, this title was succeeded in Russia by the title "Hero of the Russian Federation", in Ukraine by "Hero of Ukraine" and in Belarus by "Hero of Belarus".[6] Azerbaijan's successor order is that of National Hero of Azerbaijan and Armenia's own hero medal is that of National Hero of Armenia, both modeled on the Soviet one.[citation needed]
Abdul Ahad Momand – first Afghan cosmonaut
Ahmed Ben Bella – first president of Algeria
Zachari Zachariev – International Brigades pilot under pseudonym Turk Halil Ekrem, awarded 30 December 1936[16]
Georgi Ivanov – first Bulgarian cosmonaut Todor Zhivkov – Communist president of Bulgaria Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov – second Bulgarian cosmonaut Vladimir Zaimov – Soviet spy in Bulgaria, awarded on the 30th anniversary of his death in 1972
Fidel Castro – leader of the Cuban communist government Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez – first African descendant and Cuban cosmonaut
Josef Buršík – for heroism during the liberation of Kyiv, awarded on 21 December 1943, after the occupation of Czechoslovakia he gave the award back Otakar Jaroš – for heroism in the Battle of Sokolovo, posthumously awarded on 17 April 1943 as the first foreign soldier Ján Nálepka (Slovak) – awarded in memoriam on 2 May 1945 Vladimír Remek – first Czechoslovak in space and first cosmonaut who wasn't a citizen of the Soviet Union or United States Antonín Sochor – for heroism during the liberation of Kyiv, awarded on 21 December 1943 Ludvík Svoboda – communist president of Czechoslovakia and army general, commander of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps Gustáv Husák (Slovak) – communist president of Czechoslovakia Stěpan Vajda (Rusyn) – for heroism during the liberation of Poland, awarded in memoriam on 10 August 1945 Richard Tesařík – for heroism during the liberation of Kyiv, awarded 21 December 1943
Abdel Hakim Amer – Egyptian military officer, and member of the Free Officers movement Gamal Abdel Nasser – One of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and President of Egypt (1956–1970)
Jean-Loup Chrétien – first French cosmonaut (later served as a NASA astronaut) Marcel Albert – decorated World War II fighter pilot (Normandie-Niemen) Jacques André – decorated World War II fighter pilot (Normandie-Niemen) Roland de la Poype – decorated World War II fighter pilot (Normandie-Niemen) Marcel Lefèvre – decorated World War II fighter pilot (Normandie-Niemen)
Sigmund Jähn – the first German cosmonaut Walter Ulbricht – East German leader Erich Honecker – East German leader Erich Mielke – East German head of the Stasi
Fritz Schmenkel – German communist who deserted to Soviet troops in November 1941 and became a partisan, killed 22 February 1944, posthumously awarded 1964[17]
Bertalan Farkas – first Hungarian cosmonaut János Kádár – Hungarian politician
Rakesh Sharma – first Indian cosmonaut
Primo Gibelli – Italian communist and Spanish Republican Air Force aviator, posthumous[18]
Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa – first Mongolian cosmonaut
Władysław Wysocki – Polish officer from the battle of Lenino Juliusz Hibner – Polish communist and officer from the battle of Lenino Aniela Krzywoń – Polish soldier Mirosław Hermaszewski – first citizen of Poland to travel into space
Dumitru Prunariu – first Romanian cosmonaut
Ramón Mercader – assassinated Leon Trotsky in 1940 Rubén Ruiz Ibárruri – son of the Spanish communist leader Dolores Ibárruri Gómez, killed in the Battle of Stalingrad while fighting for the Red Army
Muhammed Faris – first Syrian cosmonaut
Phạm Tuân – first Vietnamese cosmonaut
