The aim of Historical Glottometry (HG) is to address the limitations of the tree model when applied to dialect continua and linkages. It acknowledges that the genealogical structure of a linkage typically consists of entangled subgroups, and provides ways to reconstruct that internal structure by measuring the relative strength of these subgroups.
This approach was developed by Alexandre François (CNRS) and Siva Kalyan (ANU).[1][2][3] While the method was initially applied to Oceanic languages, in recent years it has been applied to a much broader range of language families.
Historical Glottometry grew out of the observation that a large number of language families in the world form linkages (a term coined by Malcolm Ross), i.e. they evolved out of former dialect continua in which historical innovations tend to overlap. Such linkages do not conform with the Tree model often used in historical linguistics, which presupposes that innovations should be nested. This common situation is better approached using the Wave model.[1]
the “strength” of each subgroup is measured on a continuous scale (rather than subgroups simply being absent or present). That strength is assessed using two ratings, named cohesiveness and subgroupiness.[3]: 68–72
One of the outputs of Historical Glottometry takes the form of a “glottometric diagram”. Such diagrams are analogous to the isogloss maps used in dialectology, except that each isogloss refers not to a single innovation but to a set of languages defined by one or more exclusively-shared innovations — that is, a genealogical subgroup.
Jacques & List (2019)[5] show that the concept of incomplete lineage sorting can be applied to account for non-treelike phenomena in language evolution. Kalyan and François (2019) concur that "Historical Glottometry does not challenge the family tree model once incomplete lineage sorting has been taken into account"[6]: 174 – provided the internal variation discussed in the analysis includes the geographical (dialectal) dimension.[6]: 169
Historical glottometry online analyzer, a free tool allowing users to upload their own historical data, perform glottometric calculations, and generate a glottometric map.
Rannap, Jürgen (2017). "Mathematical analysis of Numic languages" (Document). Estonia: Univ. of Tartu.
Van Gysel, Jens E.L. (2017).『Temporal Predicative Particles in Sanapaná and the Enlhet-Enenlhet Language Family (Paraguay). A Descriptive and Comparative Study』(Document). Netherlands: Leiden University.