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Hughes plane

The construction of a Hughes plane is based on a nearfield N of order p²ⁿ for p an odd prime whose kernel K has order pⁿ and coincides with the center of N.

A Hughes plane H:^[1]

1. is a non-Desarguesian projective plane of odd square prime power order of Lenz-Barlotti type I.1,
2. has a Desarguesian Baer subplane H₀,
3. is a self-dual plane in which every orthogonal polarity of H₀ can be extended to a polarity of H,
4. every central collineation of H₀ extends to a central collineation of H, and
5. the full collineation group of H has two point orbits (one of which is H₀), two line orbits, and four flag orbits.

The Hughes plane of order 9 was actually found earlier by Veblen and Wedderburn in 1907.^[2] A construction of this plane can be found in Room & Kirkpatrick (1971) where it is called the plane Ψ.

• Dembowski, P. (1968), Finite Geometries, Berlin: Springer-Verlag
• Hughes, D. R. (1957), "A class of non-Desarguesian projective planes", Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 9: 378–388, doi:10.4153/CJM-1957-045-0, ISSN 0008-414X, MR 0087960
• Room, T. G.; Kirkpatrick, P. B. (1971). Miniquaternion geometry; an introduction to the study of projective planes. Cambridge [England]: University Press. ISBN 0-521-07926-8. OCLC 111943.
• Weibel, Charles (2007), "Survey of Non-Desarguesian Planes", Notices of the AMS, 54 (10): 1294–1303