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Fresh water (< 0.05%) Brackish water (0.05–3%) Saline water (3–5%) Brine (> 5% up to 26%–28% max) |
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Ahypersaline lake is a landlocked body of water that contains significant concentrationsofsodium chloride, brines, and other salts, with saline levels surpassing those of ocean water (3.5%, i.e. 35 grams per litre or 0.29 pounds per US gallon).
Specific microbial species can thrive in high-salinity environments[1] that are inhospitable to most lifeforms,[2] including some that are thought to contribute to the colour of pink lakes.[3][4] Some of these species enter a dormant state when desiccated, and some species are thought to survive for over 250 million years.[2]
The water in hypersaline lakes has great buoyancy due to its high salt content.[5]
Hypersaline lakes are found on every continent, especially in aridorsemi-arid regions.[1]
In the Arctic, the Canadian Devon Ice Cap contains two subglacial lakes that are hypersaline.[6]InAntarctica, there are larger hypersaline water bodies, lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valleys such as Lake Vanda with salinity of over 35% (i.e. 10 times as salty as ocean water).[citation needed]
The most saline water body in the world is the Gaet'ale Pond, located in the Danakil DepressioninAfar, Ethiopia. The water of Gaet'ale Pond has a salinity of 43%, making it the saltiest water body on Earth[7] (i.e. 12 times as salty as ocean water). Previously, it was considered that the most saline lake outside of Antarctica was Lake Assal,[8]inDjibouti, which has a salinity of 34.8% (i.e. 10 times as salty as ocean water). Probably the best-known hypersaline lakes are the Dead Sea (34.2% salinity in 2010) and the Great Salt Lake in the state of Utah, US (5–27% variable salinity). The Dead Sea, dividing Israel and the West Bank from Jordan, is the world's deepest hypersaline lake. The Great Salt Lake, while having nearly three times the surface area of the Dead Sea, is shallower and experiences much greater fluctuations in salinity. At its lowest recorded water levels, it approaches 7.7 times the salinity of ocean water, but when its levels are high, its salinity drops to only slightly higher than that of the ocean.[9][10][11]
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