Continuous form laser printer designed and manufactured by IBM
IBM 3800 Printer
Date invented
1975; 49 years ago (1975)
Manufacturer
IBM
Introduced
1976; 48 years ago (1976)
Discontinued
1999; 25 years ago (1999)
The IBM 3800 is a discontinued laser printer designed and manufactured by IBM. It was the first commercially available laser printer.[1] It was a continuous form laser printer, meaning that it printed onto a continuous long sheet of paper.
The 3800 was initially positioned as a line printer replacement with additional features. Besides the much greater speed, enhancements over the line printer included:[2]
Forms overlay – the ability to print a predefined form along with the data, eliminating the need for preprinted forms.
Thirteen different character sets. The standard 3800 could use only one per print data set; a special feature allowed four to be used at a time.
Multiple copies printed on single-ply paper, rather than using multiple-ply paper, data could be changed or suppressed between copies.
User-defined graphic characters could be used along with standard character sets.
Development began in 1969 using a project code name of Jubilee. Later, the code name was changed to Argonaut. IBM did not however have a xerographic printer to base the Jubilee on (all IBM printers up to this point were mechanical printers, e.g., chain, print bar, train). This meant prototyping used an IBM Copier I, which was not capable of anywhere near the product goal of 1 million pages per month. Therefore, dramatic developments were required in areas such as: paper path handling, lasers and optics, toner fusion and control electronics.[5]
Manufacturing in the USA was transferred from San Jose to Tucson, Arizona with the opening of the Tucson plant in 1980. This was a major effort considering the 3800 consisted of more than 9000 part numbers.[6][7] This continued till IBM shutdown manufacturing in Tucson in 1989, with printer manufacturing moving to Charlotte, NC.[8][9]
For world trade export the IBM 3800 was also manufactured at the IBM plant at Järfälla, Sweden[10] with the first 3800 shipping from there in November 1976. Manufacturing continued there for more than eight years.[11]
There are competing claims about which device was the first commercially available plain paper laser printer.[12][13]
The Xerox 1200 (which could run at 4000 lines per minute) was announced in 1973 and first shipped it in late 1974.[14] It used an optical character generator designed by optical engineer Phil Chen.[15] This consisted of a rotating drum that had 132 columns, each with a full character set. A set of 22 flash lamps inside the drum would flash, exposing the characters onto the selenium drum as the character generator drum rotated, one line being printed for each rotation of the character generator drum. This limited the printer to a single 95 character font but made it an ideal line printer replacement with both upper and lower case output.[16] In a Xerox marketing blog, they describe the Xerox 1200 as the: first commercial non-impact Xerographic printer for computer output.[13]
The Honeywell Page Printing System (PPS) was an electro-static printer that could run at up to 18,000 lines per minute and was announced in 1974. The PPS used special dielectric paper, rather than plain paper.[17] The PPS used a matrix printhead that consisted of two rows of electrodes known as sytli, that placed a charge directly onto the dielectric paper, after which the paper moved to the toner station. It supported only one font (known as the Honeywell Optimized Font), that could be printed in two sizes (small and large). There was no laser or photoconductor involved.[18]
The IBM 3800 was announced in 1975 and first shipped in 1976 [14] The IBM 3800 used pin-fed plain paper perforated continuous forms. It exposed the image with a laser and could use multiple fonts.
The Xerox 9700 was released in 1977.[19] Development began in 1971, although its project leader Gary Starkweather, had demonstrated a laser printing process in 1969.[20] It could print 120 pages a minute at 300 dpi.
The IBM 6670 was announced February 1979 and was IBMs first cut sheet laser printer.
The model 001 was announced on April 15, 1975, and first shipped July 1976. It had a print resolution of 144 pels per inch (or dots per inch, pels are print elements) vertically and 180 pels per inch horizontally. It could print at up to 13,360 lines per minute or 45,000 characters per second (which IBM claimed was 6 times faster than their fastest printer at that time)[22] depending on line density (which could range from 6 to 12 lines per inch).[23] It could print at 10, 12 or 15 characters per inch, printing at 6 or 8 or 12 lines per inch.[24]
The model 001 was the only model that supported the tape to print feature (Feature Code 7810), where an IBM 3411/3410 or IBM 3803/3420 reel to reel tape drive could be attached to the 3800, allowing the printer to operate in an offline mode.
In 1980, IDC predicted that the IBM 3800 would by 1983 control 48% of the non-impact printer market with the Xerox 9700 controlling 31%.[25]
The model 003 was a much faster version of the 3800. It was announced November 1, 1982,[26] At a speed of 215 page impressions per minute (or 20,400 lines per minute), it was the fastest printer of its time.[27] IBM claimed it was twice as fast as the Model 001. It was the first AFP printer in the 3800 line.[27] The three main goals of the model 003 were:[28]
Improved print resolution. The model 3 had a print resolution of 240 × 240 pels versus the Model 001 and 002, which had a resolution of 180 × 144 pels.
Improved graphics printing capability. It could also print 4 type styles per document (where the Model 001 could only print one).[29]
Reduced service costs over the model 001.
To improve the resolution, a new photoconductor material had to be used in combination with a specially designed digital voltmeter and a significant redesign of the laser print head. The helium-neon laser developed for the model 001 was retained, but lenses were used to generate two printing beams that reflected off a slightly more slowly rotating mirror (the mirror in model 001 rotated at 15,300 RPM versus the model 003, which rotated at 12,700 RPM).[28]
Paper moved through the printer at a constant velocity of 31 inches per second. The 3800 could print out 1.7 miles of paper per hour.[30]
The model 006 was announced on January 26, 1987, and shipped later that year. It was functionally identical to the model 003 but only ran at 134 pages per minute.[31] It could be upgraded to a model 003.
The model 008 was physically similar to a model 003 but supported double-byte character sets, which allowed kanji characters to be printed (effectively making it a replacement for the model 002). In comparison to the model 002, it could print three times more kanji characters (22,500) with significantly better print resolution.[28]
Being the first Laser Printer produced by IBM and with no similar existing products to use as models, the IBM 3800 contained many new technological features. This is a short list of some of them:
The cleaning brush used to clean toner from the photoconductor would wear out after one month of operation. Through a variety of improvements this was extended to four months.[32]
By using low helium diffusion glass, IBM increased the life of the laser to 20,000 operation hours, an improvement of 10× over off-the-shelf products available at that time.[32] The HeNe laser used in the IBM 3800 used more than 25 milliwatts (compared to 5 milliwatts in the later IBM 6670 or 1 milliwatt in the IBM 3666 barcode scanner).[33]
The hot roll that fuses the toner to the page needed to operate without silicone oil (to avoid contamination)[34] and to have an extended life, so a new elastomer material was developed as well as a multi-zone preheat platen to warm the paper to 104 °C (219 °F) prior to fusion.[32]
A flash lamp was used as part of the form overlay system that optionally was used to print a fixed form onto each page. This system used a lamp that had to pulse for only 125 μs. Initial life span of the lamp was only one month, but through a variety of design changes this was extended to 60 months.[32]
To ensure print contrast remained consistent over time, a special control mark was printed on every page. An LED sensor would monitor this mark and this was used to control how much toner was routinely fed into the developer mix. It could also detect if the printer was producing blank pages unexpectedly.
Although not an innovation it is worth noting that IBM chose to use discharged area development on the 3800. After placing a static charge on the photoconductor the laser was then used to discharge the parts of the surface where characters needed to be developed. Toner was then attracted only to those discharged areas. Because a typical page at that time had far more white space than printed space, this allowed for faster print speeds. However later printers like the IBM 6670 used charged area development where the laser discharged those areas where toner was not needed, as this yielded better print quality, closer to that seen with the Selectric typewriter.[34]
The original photoconductor used by the IBM 3800 (and also by the IBM Copier, IBM Copier II and IBM 3896) was a high-sensitivity organic photoconductor for electrophotography developed by IBM. IBM developed this to avoid patent infringement with Xerox (who used a photoconductor based on selenium).[35] The IBM developed organic photoreceptor (OPC) used a chemical known as 2, 4, 7-trinitro-9-fluorenone, commonly referred to as TNF.[36] The photoconductor was mainly composed of a TNF and polyvinyl carbazole resin coating on an aluminized mylar sheet and was manufactured by IBM in Lexington Kentucky.[37] Over the course of the 1970s, health and safety concerns were raised about TNF being carcinogenic. The US Federal Department of Health and Human Services contracted the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health to investigate these concerns but their report did not identify any issues.[37] Despite this, in 1980 IBM changed its advice and required its employees to always handle it with gloves.[38] IBM then withdrew TNF based photoconductors in late 1981 for the IBM 3800 and IBM Copier II, replacing them with a photoconductor based on chlorotiane blue and diethylaminobenzal- denyde-dithenylhydrazone (sometimes called blue coral).[39] This material was already being used in the IBM Series III Copier and the IBM 6670 and was manufactured by IBM in Boulder Colorado.[39]
IBM partnered with Hitachi Koki Co Ltd (HKK) to OEM a Hitachi-developed printer, released as the IBM 3900. The print engine was developed by HKK while the control unit was IBMs Advanced Function Common Control Unit (AFCCU) based on the IBM RS/6000.[40][41] It was announced October 1990 and shipped in late 1991.[42] IBM formally announced their development relationship with HKK in 1992.[43][44]
The IBM 3812 was one of the first office laser printers produced by IBM.[45]
The 3812 (of which there were two models, 3812–001 and 3812–002) was described as a tabletop Pageprinter.[46][47]
The 3812-001 was announced on Oct 15, 1985 and operated at 12 pages per minute maximum. It was not technically a laser printer as it used a LED printhead.[48] The 3812-002 was announced on Jun 16, 1987.[49]
The 3812-001 was withdrawn from marketing on April 4, 1987 (effective November 4, 1987). The 3812-002 was withdrawn from marketing October 1991.[50]
The IBM 3820, announced on February 12, 1985, was IBM's first AFP cut-sheet printer.[27][47] The 3820 could be attached to a host mainframe system via Systems Network Architecture SNA/SDLC, or to a PC using the IBM Personal Computer Network (PCLAN) or Corvus Omninet. An entry-level 3820 sold for $29,900 (equivalent to $84,704 in 2023).[53] The 3820 was an AFP printer. It operated at 20 pages per minute.
It was withdrawn from marketing November 1993.[54]
The IBM 3825 was announced in 1989. It was a cut sheet, duplex, non-impact, all-points-addressable AFP page printer that operated at 58 impressions per minute[55] It was withdrawn from marketing in 1995.[56]
The IBM 3827 was announced in 1988. It was a cut sheet, duplex, non-impact, all-points-addressable AFP page printer that operated at 92 impressions per minute. While the control unit was developed by IBM, the print engine was a Kodak 1392.[57] It was withdrawn from marketing in 1995.[56]
The IBM 3829 was announced in 1993. It was a cut sheet, duplex, non-impact, all-points-addressable AFP page printer that operated at 92 impressions per minute. While the control unit was developed by IBM, the print engine was a Kodak 1392.[57] It was withdrawn from marketing in 1997.[56]
The 3900 was announced on Oct 2, 1990 as a replacement product for the IBM 3800. It was a high speed fanfold AFP page printer that operated at 229 pages per minute.[61]
The IBM 3935 was announced in November 1993 and was an intermediate speed duplex capable cut sheet AFP page printer that operated at 35 impressions per minute.[62]
In 2007 IBM formed a joint venture, InfoPrint Solutions Company, with Ricoh. The new company, headquartered in Boulder, Colorado, took over all of IBM Printing Systems Division products, including the successors to the 3800 line.[63] In 2010 IBM divested its share and the new company became a wholly owned subsidiary of Ricoh.[64] All of its products are currently maintained by Ricoh and no longer by IBM.
^ abc"IBM 3820". IBM. In 1985 the IBM 3820 was introduced. It was the first IBM AFP cut-sheet printer.
^ abcMcMurtry, David; Tinghitella, Mike; Svendsen, Roger (May 29, 1984). "Technology of the IBM 3800 Printing Subsystem Model 3". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 28 (3): 257–262. doi:10.1147/rd.283.0257.
^ abDeLoca, Cornelius (1991). The Romance Division - A Different Side of IBM (1st ed.). D & K Book Company. pp. 183–184.
^Weiss, David S.; Abkowitz, Martin (2017), Kasap, Safa; Capper, Peter (eds.), "Organic Photoconductors", Springer Handbook of Electronic and Photonic Materials, Springer Handbooks, Cham: Springer International Publishing, p. 1, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48933-9_37, ISBN978-3-319-48933-9
^"A Laser Printer Book: 5. Printer Languages". As an early desktop laser printer language the capabilities of PCL 3 were very ..... The IBM 3812 was one of the first office laser printers produced by IBM
^"US - IBM GDDM V2.3". IBM. February 7, 2007. 3816 electrostatic page printer, in simplex and duplex modes; 6185 plotter: 8 pen ..... ANS X3.124-1985, for the American National Standard ...... IBM 3812 and 3816 printers are only supported when connected via the 3270 ...
