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Artobolevsky was born into a clerical family in 1905. In 1938, at the time of the Great Purge, his father was shot. In 1926, he graduated from the Moscow Agricultural Academy Timiryazev. In 1927, he graduated from the Physics and Mathematics Faculty of Moscow State University, and afterwards worked in teaching. Between 1932 and 1949 he was a professor at Moscow State University, first working in the Department of Theoretical Mechanics. In 1941, with Boris Bulgakov, Artobolevsky established the Department of Applied Mechanics, and served as its head from 1941 to 1944. From 1937, he also worked at the Institute of Mechanical Engineering, and from 1942 was also a professor at the Moscow Aviation Institute.
During World War II, he was chairman of the All-Union Scientific Society of Mechanical Engineers (VNITOMASh).
Since 1947 - Deputy Chairman of the All-Union Society "Knowledge", in 1966 - Chairman of the All-Union Society "Knowledge".
Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 7th-9th convocation.
Developed a classification of spatial mechanisms and gave methods for kinematic analysis created methods of kinematic analysis of complex multi-tier mechanism (1939).