James Killian
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| Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board | |
| In office May 4, 1961 – April 23, 1963 | |
| President | John F. Kennedy |
| Preceded by | John Hull |
| Succeeded by | Clark Clifford |
| In office January 13, 1956 – March 1, 1958 | |
| President | Dwight Eisenhower |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | John Hull |
| Chairman of the President's Science Advisory Committee | |
| In office November 7, 1957 – July 1959 | |
| President | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
| Preceded by | Isidor Rabi |
| Succeeded by | George Kistiakowsky |
| 10th President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology | |
| In office 1948–1959 | |
| Preceded by | Karl Compton |
| Succeeded by | Julius Stratton |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1904-07-24)July 24, 1904 Blacksburg, South Carolina, U.S. |
| Died | January 29, 1988(1988-01-29) (aged 83) Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Education | Duke University Massachusetts Institute of Technology (BS) |
| Awards | Vannevar Bush Award (1980) |
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James Rhyne Killian Jr. (July 24, 1904 – January 29, 1988) was the 10th president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from 1948 until 1959.[1][2] He also held a number of government roles, such as Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board under John F. Kennedy.
Killian was born on July 24, 1904, in Blacksburg, South Carolina. His father was a textile maker. He attended The McCallie SchoolinChattanooga, Tennessee[3] later studied at Duke University (formerly Trinity University) for two years until he transferred to MIT, where he received a Bachelor of Business Administration and engineering administration in 1926.[4] While there, he was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.
In 1932, while serving as the editor of MIT's alumni magazine Technology Review, Killian was instrumental in the founding of Technology Press, the publishing imprint that would later become the institute's independent publishing house, MIT Press. He became executive assistant to MIT President Karl Taylor Compton in 1939, and co-directed the wartime operation of MIT, which strongly supported military research and development. He was from 1948 until 1959 the 10th president of MIT. In 1956, James R. Killian Jr was named as the 1st Chair to the new President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board by the Eisenhower Administration; a position which he held until April 1963.
On leave from MIT he served as Special Assistant for Science and Technology to President Eisenhower from 1957 to 1959, making him the first true Presidential Science Advisor. Killian headed the Killian Committee and oversaw the creation of the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) shortly after the launches of the Soviet artificial satellites, Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2, in October and November 1957. PSAC was instrumental in initiating national curriculum reforms in science and technology and in establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
Killian described an environment of "widespread discouragement" facing scientists and, in particular, scientists of the Technological Capabilities Panel, which had been convened by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to develop technological solutions to the perceived possibility of a surprise nuclear attack by the Soviet Union. This stifling work atmosphere was caused by the widely cast, groundless aspersions of Senator Joseph McCarthy and the removal of Robert Oppenheimer from work on sensitive military projects. Oppenheimer had expressed support for shifting U.S. military resources from offensive nuclear weapons to defensive capabilities, and following Oppenheimer's loss of his security clearance, scientists felt that it was inadvisable to challenge the thinking of the military establishment.[5]
In 1956 Killian was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences.[6] He co-authored a book, The Education of a College President (1985),[ISBN missing] which serves as an autobiography as well. After stepping down as president of MIT in 1959, he served as chairman of the MIT Corporation from 1959 until 1971.
Killian died on January 29, 1988, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[4]
Two locations on MIT's campus bear the name Killian: Killian Court, a tree-lined courtyard with views of MIT's Great Dome, and Killian Hall, a concert hall (actually named after Killian's wife, Elizabeth Parks Killian, a Wellesley College alumna).
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| Preceded by | President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1948–1959 |
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| New office | Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board 1956–1958 |
Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chairman of the President's Science Advisory Committee 1957–1959 |
Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board 1961–1963 |
Succeeded by |
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