John Bowes, 1st Baron Bowes PC (I) (1691 – 22 July 1767) was an Anglo-Irish peer, politician and judge. He was noted for his great legal ability, but also for his implacable hostility to Roman Catholics.
He was born in London, the second son of Thomas Bowes, a merchant and member of the Worshipful Company of Turners, and his wife, a Miss North, and was called to the Bar in 1712. He came to Ireland as a member of the staff of Richard West, the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, in 1723. He built up a large practice at the Irish Bar and was appointed Solicitor-General for Ireland in 1730, and Attorney-General in 1739. He was raised to the Bench as Lord Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer in 1741, having previously failed to become third Baron (which was a surprisingly lucrative office, as the Baron received several extra fees).[1] He was appointed Lord Chancellor of IrelandbyKing George II in 1757, despite the chronic ill-health which afflicted him. In his last years, his legs were so swollen that he could scarcely walk.[2]
John Bowes epitomized the severity of the 18th century Penal Laws against Irish Catholics when he ruled, in about 1759, that: "The law does not suppose any such person to exist as an Irish Roman Catholic, nor could such a person draw breath without the Crown's permission".[2] Such views, given that Roman Catholics made up more than 90% of the Irish population, inevitably made him bitterly unpopular, and in 1760 he was assaulted during a riot outside the House of Commons.[2]
In spite of his religious bigotry, he was considered one of the outstanding judges of his time. In particular, he was a reforming Lord Chancellor, who was praised for making the Court of Chancery "a terror for fraud, and a comfort and protection for honest men".[2] As Attorney General he showed considerable courage in going on assize during the Irish Famine (1740–1741) despite the infectious fever which was raging at the time, and which claimed the lives of three other judges who had decided to brave the dangers.
Between 1731 and 1742, he represented Taghmon in the Irish House of Commons.[2]
He was considered one of the finest speakers of his time;[2] his speech for the prosecution at the trial of Lord Santry, who was charged with murder in 1739, was described by those who heard it as a masterpiece of eloquence and logic, and led to the Irish House of Lords bringing in a unanimous verdict of guilty against Santry.[2]
He was raised to the peerage of Ireland in 1758 as Baron Bowes, of Clonlyon in the County of Meath.[3]
He died in Dublin on 22 July 1767, his mental faculties fully intact despite his bodily infirmities, and was buried in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, where his brother raised a memorial to him.[2] He never married, and his title became extinct on his death.[2] He lived at Belvedere House, Drumcondra. His estates passed to his brother Rumsey Bowes of Binfield, Berkshire.
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| Preceded by | Member of Parliament for Taghmon 1731–1742 With: William Hore |
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| Preceded by | Solicitor-General for Ireland 1730–1739 |
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| Preceded by | Attorney-General for Ireland 1739–1741 |
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| Preceded by | Lord Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer 1741–1757 |
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| Preceded by | Lord Chancellor of Ireland 1757–1767 |
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| Peerage of Ireland | ||
| New creation | Baron Bowes 1758–1767 |
Extinct |
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