John Nicholas (January 19, 1764 – December 31, 1819)[1] was an American lawyer, farmer, and politician from Williamsburg, Virginia. He represented Virginia in the U.S. House from 1793 to 1801.
After attending the common schools he graduated from the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, studied law, and was admitted to the bar and practiced in his native county.[3]
Nicolas was elected as an Anti-Administration candidate to the Third Congress and reelected as a Republican to the three succeeding Congresses, serving from March 4, 1793, until March 3, 1801.[3]
In 1798, before the enactment of the Sedition Act, which made it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials, Nicholas declared the proposed Act to be unconstitutional. The Act was inconsistent with the freedom of speech protected by the First Amendment, Nicholas said, because the press could be punished for publishing true statements if it were not possible to prove the truth of the statements, which is often the case. In 1799, when Republicans in the House proposed to repeal the Sedition Act, a party line vote resulted in the rejection of the proposal. Nicholas wrote a minority report describing the policy goal of the Act as being related to Great Britain's form of government: "The King is hereditary, and according to the theory of their Government, can do no wrong. Public officers are his representatives, and derive some portion of his inviolability." Nicholas distinguished this form of deferential respect for public officers to the level of respect owed to their American counterparts, who serve the people and can be removed from office during elections.[4]
In 1803, Nicholas moved to Geneva, New York, and started a farm. From 1806 until 1809 he served in the New York State Senate and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas from 1806 until his death in 1819.[3]
