Kichwa | |
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Kichwa Shimi, Runa Shimi | |
Native to | Ecuador, Colombia, Peru |
Ethnicity | Quechua |
Native speakers | 450,000 (2008–2012)[1] |
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Official status | |
Recognised minority | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:inb – Ingainj – Jungle Ingaqvo – Napo Lowlandqup – Southern Pastazaqud – Calderón Highlandqxr – Cañar Highlandqug – Chimborazo Highlandqvi – Imbabura Highlandqvj – Loja Highlandqvz – Northern Pastazaqxl – Salasaca Highlandquw – Tena Lowland |
Glottolog | colo1257 |
ELP |
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Distribution of the Kichwa language. | |
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. |
Kichwa (Kichwa shimi, Runashimi, also Spanish Quichua) is a Quechuan language that includes all Quechua varieties of Ecuador and Colombia (Inga), as well as extensions into Peru. It has an estimated half million speakers.
The most widely spoken dialects are Chimborazo, Imbabura and Cañar Highland Quechua, with most of the speakers. Kichwa belongs to the Northern Quechua group of Quechua II, according to linguist Alfredo Torero.
Kichwa syntax has undergone some grammatical simplification compared to Southern Quechua, perhaps because of partial creolization with the pre-Inca languages of Ecuador.
A standardized language, with a unified orthography (Kichwa Unificado, Shukyachiska Kichwa), has been developed. It is similar to Chimborazo but lacks some of the phonological peculiarities of that dialect.
The earliest grammatical description of Kichwa was written in the 17th century by Jesuit priest Hernando de Alcocer.[2]
According to linguist Arturo Muyulema, the first steps to teach Kichwa in public schools dates to the 1940s, when Dolores Cacuango founded several indigenous schools in Cayambe. Later, indigenous organizations initiated self-governed schools to provide education in Kichwa in the 1970s and 1980s (Muyulema 2011:234).
Muyulema says that the creation of literary works such as Caimi Ñucanchic Shimuyu-Panca, Ñucanchic Llactapac Shimi, Ñucanchic Causaimanta Yachaicuna, and Antisuyu-Punasuyu provided the catalysts for the standardization of Kichwa. This was initiated by DINEIB (National Board of Intercultural Bilingual Education).[3]
Afterward a new alphabet was created by ALKI (Kichwan Language Academy). It comprises 21 characters; including three vowels (a, i, u); two semi-vowels (w, y); and 16 consonants (ch, h, k, l, ll, m, n, ñ, p, r, s, sh, t, ts, z, zh), according to Muyulema's article『Presente y Futuro de la lengua Quichua desde la perspectiva de la experiencia vasca (Kichwa sisariy ñan)』(Muyulema 2011:234).
Later, the bigger and much more comprehensive dictionary Kichwa Yachakukkunapa Shimiyuk Kamu was published in 2009 by the linguist Fabián Potosí, together with other scholars sponsored by the Ministry of Education of Ecuador.[4]
In contrast to other regional varieties of Quechua, Kichwa does not distinguish between the original (Proto-Quechuan) /k/ and /q/, which are both pronounced [k]. [e] and [o], the allophones of the vowels /i/ and /u/ near /q/, do not exist. Kiru can mean both "tooth" (kiruinSouthern Quechua) and "wood" (qiru [qero] in Southern Quechua), and killa can mean both "moon" (killa) and "lazy" (qilla [qeʎa]).
Additionally, Kichwa in both Ecuador and Colombia has lost possessive and bidirectional suffixes (verbal suffixes indicating both subject and object), as well as the distinction between the exclusive and inclusive first person plural:
On the other hand, other particularities of Quechua have been preserved. As in all Quechuan languages, the words for 'brother' and 'sister' differ depending on to whom they refer. There are four different words for siblings: ñaña (sister of a woman), turi (brother of a woman), pani (sister of a man), and wawki (brother of a man). A woman reading『Ñuka wawki Pedromi kan』would read aloud Ñuka turi Pedromi kan (if she referred to her brother). If Pedro has a brother Manuel and the sisters Sisa and Elena, their mother could refer to Pedro as Manuelpak wawkiorSisapaj turi. And to Sisa as Manuelpak pani or as Elenapak ñaña.
Bilabial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | (ŋ) | ||
Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | ||
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | |||
voiced | ɡ | |||||
Affricate | ts | tʃ | ||||
Fricative | voiceless | ɸ | s | ʃ | h | |
voiced | (z) | ʒ | ||||
Approximant | central | j | w | |||
lateral | l | |||||
Rhotic | ɾ |
Bilabial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Post-alv./ Retroflex |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | (ŋ) | |||
Stop | voiceless | p | t | k | |||
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | ||||
voiced | b | d | ɡ | ||||
Affricate | voiceless | ts | tʃ | ||||
aspirated | tʃʰ | ||||||
voiced | dʒ | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | ɸ | s | ʃ | x | h | |
voiced | z | ʒ | |||||
retroflex | ʐ | ||||||
Rhotic | ɾ | ||||||
Approximant | central | j | w | ||||
lateral | l |
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i iː | u uː | |
Open | a aː |
The missionary organization FEDEPI (2006) lists eight dialects of Quechua in Ecuador, which it illustrates with "The men will come in two days." Ethnologue 16 (2009) lists nine, distinguishing Cañar from Loja Highland Quechua. Below are the comparisons, along with Standard (Ecuadorian) Kichwa and Standard (Southern) Quechua:
Dialect | ISO code | Speakers per SIL (FEDEPI) | Orthography (SIL or official) + Pronunciation |
Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
Imbabura | [qvi] | 300,000 (1,000,000) |
Chai tʃay
jaricunaca xarikunaka
ishcai iʃkay
punllapillami punʒapiʒami
shamunga. ʃamuŋga Chai jaricunaca ishcai punllapillami shamunga. tʃay xarikunaka iʃkay punʒapiʒami ʃamuŋga
|
⟨ll⟩ = [ʒ] |
Calderón (Pichincha) | [qud] | 25,000 |
Chai tʃay
jaricunaca xarikunaka
ishcai iʃkay
punllapillami punʒapiʒami
shamunga. ʃamuŋga Chai jaricunaca ishcai punllapillami shamunga. tʃay xarikunaka iʃkay punʒapiʒami ʃamuŋga
|
⟨ll⟩ = [ʒ] |
Salasaca | [qxl] | 15,000 |
Chi tʃi
c'arigunaga kʰarigunaga
ishqui iʃki
p'unllallabimi pʰunʒaʒabimi
shamunga. ʃamuŋga Chi c'arigunaga ishqui p'unllallabimi shamunga. tʃi kʰarigunaga iʃki pʰunʒaʒabimi ʃamuŋga
|
⟨ll⟩ = [ʒ] |
Chimborazo | [qug] | 1,000,000 (2,500,000) |
Chai tʃay
c'aricunaca kʰarikunaka
ishqui iʃki
punllallapimi punʒaʒapimi
shamunga. ʃamuŋga Chai c'aricunaca ishqui punllallapimi shamunga. tʃay kʰarikunaka iʃki punʒaʒapimi ʃamuŋga
|
⟨ll⟩ = [ʒ] |
Cañar–Loja | [qxr] [qvj] |
(200,000) qxr: 100,000 qxl: 15,000 |
Chai tʃay
c'aricunaca kʰarikunaka
ishcai iʃkay
punzhallapimi punʒaλapimi
shamunga. ʃamuŋga Chai c'aricunaca ishcai punzhallapimi shamunga. tʃay kʰarikunaka iʃkay punʒaλapimi ʃamuŋga
|
|
Tena Lowland | [quw] | 5,000 (10,000) |
Chi tʃi
cariunaga kariunaga
ishqui iʃki
punzhallaimi punʒaλaimi
shamunga. ʃamuŋga Chi cariunaga ishqui punzhallaimi shamunga. tʃi kariunaga iʃki punʒaλaimi ʃamuŋga
|
|
Napo Lowland | [qvo] | 4,000 Ecu. & 8,000 Peru (15,000) |
Chi tʃi
carigunaga karigunaga
ishcai iʃkay
punchallaimi puntʃaλaimi
shamunga. ʃamunga. Chi carigunaga ishcai punchallaimi shamunga. tʃi karigunaga iʃkay puntʃaλaimi ʃamunga.
|
|
Northern Pastaza | [qvz] | 4,000 Ecu. & 2,000 Peru (10,000) |
Chi tʃi
carigunaga karigunaga
ishcai iʃkay
punzhallaimi punʒallaimi
shamunga. ʃamunga. Chi carigunaga ishcai punzhallaimi shamunga. tʃi karigunaga iʃkay punʒallaimi ʃamunga.
|
|
Standard Kichwa | — | Chay karikunaka ishkay punllallapimi shamunka. | ||
Standard Southern Quechua (Qhichwa) | — |
Chay tʃæy
qharikunaqa qʰarikunaqa
iskay iskæy
p'unchawllapim p'untʃawllapim
hamunqa. hamunqa. Chay qharikunaqa iskay p'unchawllapim hamunqa. tʃæy qʰarikunaqa iskæy p'untʃawllapim hamunqa.
|
A band from Ecuador, "Los Nin", which raps in Kichwa and Spanish, has toured internationally. The band hails from the town of Otavalo, which is known for its traditional music.[7]
The Ecuadorian band "Yarina", which sings in Kichwa and Spanish, won Best World Music Recording with their album "Nawi" in the 2005 Native American Music Awards.[8]
In the Ecuadorian diaspora, the radio station Kichwa Hatari works to revive use of the Kichwa language, music, and culture in the United States.[9]
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Official languages |
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Indigenous languages |
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Quechua I (Waywash) |
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Quechua II (Wampuy) |
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