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Klamath language

Klamath (/ˈklæməθ/),^[3] also Klamath–Modoc (/ˈklæməθ ˈmoʊdɒk/) and historically Lutuamian (/ˌluːtuˈæmiən/), is a Native American language spoken around Klamath Lake in what is now southern Oregon and northern California. It is the traditional language of the Klamath and Modoc peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. By 1998, only one native speaker remained,^[4][5] and by 2003, this last fluent Klamath speaker who was living in Chiloquin, Oregon, was 92 years old.^[6] As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or Modoc dialects;^[7] however, as of 2019, revitalization efforts are underway with the goal of creating new speakers.^[8]

Klamath is a member of the Plateau Penutian language family, which is in turn a branch of the proposed Penutian language family. Like other proposed Penutian languages, Plateau Penutian languages are rich in ablaut, much like Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages. Further evidence for this classification includes some consonant correspondences between Klamath and other alleged Penutian languages. For example, the Proto-Yokuts retroflexes */ʈ ʈʼ/ correspond to Klamath /tʃ tʃʼ/, and the Proto-Yokuts dentals */t̪ t̪ʰ t̪ʼ/ correspond to the Klamath alveolars /t tʰ tʼ/.

Phonology[edit]

Vowels[edit]

Consonants[edit]

Plosives in Klamath, aside from /ʔ/, come in triplets of unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective sounds.^[10] Sonorant triplets are voiced, voiceless, and glottalized sounds.^[11]

Most consonants can be geminated. The fricative /s/ is an exception, and there is evidence suggesting this is a consequence of a recent sound change.^[12] Albert Samuel Gatschet recorded geminated /sː/ in the late 19th century, but this sound was consistently recorded as degeminated /s/byM. A. R. Barker in the 1960s. Sometime after Gatschet recorded the language and before Barker did the same, */sː/ may have degeminated into /s/.

Syntax[edit]

Klamath word order is conditioned by pragmatics. There is no clearly defined verb phrase or noun phrase. Alignment is nominative–accusative, with nominal case marking also distinguishing adjectives from nouns. Many verbs obligatorily classify an absolutive case. There are directive and applicative constructions.^[13]

See also[edit]

• List of extinct languages of North America

References[edit]

Online texts[edit]

• Coville, Frederick Vernon (1897). Notes on the plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon. Retrieved 2012-08-30. Includes Klamath language plant names.
• Gatschet, Albert S. (1890). The Klamath Indians of southwestern Oregon. ISBN 9780665527449. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
• Gatschet, Albert S. (1880). The numeral adjective in the Klamtah language of southern Oregon. ISBN 9780665329326. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
• Gatschet, Albert S. (1878). Sketch of the Klamath language of Southern Oregon. ISBN 9780665328503. Retrieved 2012-08-30.

External links[edit]

Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Klamath word list

• The Klamath Tribes Language Project
• Languages of Oregon: Klamath
• Klamath-Modoc language, native-languages.org
• Modoc language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
• Klamath language, California Language Archive
• OLAC resources in and about the Klamath-Modoc language
• Klamath Bibliography