Contents

List of Hebrew Bible manuscripts

AHebrew Bible manuscript is a handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) made on papyrus, parchment, or paper, and written in the Hebrew language (some of the biblical text and notations may be in Aramaic). The oldest manuscripts were written in a form of scroll, the medieval manuscripts usually were written in a form of codex. The late manuscripts written after the 9th century use the Masoretic Text. The important manuscripts are associated with Aaron ben Asher (especially Leningrad Codex).^[1]

The earliest sources (whether oral or written) of the Hebrew Bible disappeared over time because of the fragility of media, wars (especially the destruction of the First and Second Temple) and other intentional destructions.^[2] As a result, the lapse of time between the original manuscripts and their surviving copies is much longer than in the case of the New Testament manuscripts.

The first list of the Old Testament manuscripts in Hebrew, made by Benjamin Kennicott (1718–1783) and published by Oxford in two volumes in 1776 and 1780, listed 615 manuscripts from libraries in England and on the continent.^[3] Giovanni Battista de Rossi (1822–1894) published a list of 731 manuscripts.^[4] The main manuscript discoveries in modern times are those of the Cairo Geniza (c. 1890) and the Dead Sea Scrolls (1947). 260,000 Hebrew manuscripts were discovered in an old synagogue in Cairo, 10,000 of which are biblical manuscripts.^[5][6] There are more than 200 biblical manuscripts among the Dead Sea Scrolls, some of them were written in the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet. They were written before 70 CE. 14 scroll manuscripts were discovered in Masada in 1963–1965.^[7]

The largest organized collection of Hebrew Old Testament manuscripts in the world is housed in the Russian National Library ("Second Firkovitch Collection") in Saint Petersburg.^[4]

Leningrad Codex is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. Manuscripts earlier than the 13th century are very rare. The majority of the manuscripts have survived in a fragmentary condition.

The oldest complete Torah scroll still in use has been carbon-dated to around 1250 and is owned by the Jewish community of the northern Italian town of Biella.^[8]

Masorah manuscripts[edit]

Proto-Masoretic from Second Temple period (1st century)[edit]

• Severus Scroll (named for the Roman Emperor who restored this scroll, reportedly seized from the Temple in Jerusalem, to the Jewish community in 220), a lost manuscript of early 1st century CE, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature

Proto-Masoretic from "Silent Period" (2nd–10th century)[edit]

• Codex Hilleli, a lost manuscript of circa 600 CE, destroyed in 1197 in Spain, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature^[9]
• Codex Muggeh (or Muga; ="corrected"), lost, cited as a source in Masoretic notations.

Masoretic (7th–10th century)[edit]

• Ben Asher Manuscripts, including several of those listed here-below (see Kahle)
• The London Manuscript and the Ashkar-Gilson Manuscript, the latter also known as the "Ashkar-Gilson Hebrew Manuscript #2", both from the same scroll, dated to the 7th or 8th century.^[10] The extant fragments cover Exodus 9:18–13:2 and 13:19–16:1.^[11]
• Codex Orientales 4445, also known as "London Codex" in the British Library, London,^[12] containing Genesis-Deuteronomy 1:33 (less Numbers 7:47–73 and Numbers 9:12–10:18).^[13] and dated by colophon to 920-950 CE.^[14]
• Codex Cairensis (Prophets), pointed by Moses Ben Asher, dated by a colophon 895 CE, contradicted by radiocarbon dating, which indicated an 11th-century date. It is the oldest manuscript bearing the date of its writing; written in Tiberias, subsequently was in Cairo, now deposited at Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
• Codex Sassoon 1053, 9th or 10th century, from the collection of David Solomon Sassoon, now in the ANU - Museum of the Jewish People in Tel Aviv. (missing first 10 pages of Genesis)^[15]
• Codex Babylonicus Petropolitanus (Latter Prophets), dated 916 CE, Russian National Library
• Pentateuch of 929 (Torah) dated 929 CE, Russian National Library.^[16]
• Aleppo Codex, 930 CE, written in Tiberias, now deposited at Israel MuseuminJerusalem (was complete, supposedly pointed by Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, partially missing since 1958); this manuscript is the basis of the Jerusalem Crown bible.
• Leningrad Codex (complete), copied from a Ben Asher manuscript, dated 1008 CE, written in Cairo, now deposited at Russian National LibraryinSaint Petersburg; this manuscript is the basis of the Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia and other editions and is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew.
• Michigan Codex (Torah), 10th century^[17]
• Damascus Pentateuch, 10th century^[18]
• First Gaster Bible in the British Library, 10th century^[19]

Later (11th–17th century)[edit]

• Codex Yerushalmi, lost, reportedly used in Spain (circa 1010) by Jonah ibn Janah.
• Codex Reuchlinanus (Prophets), dated 1105 CE.
• Bologna Torah Scroll/Scroll 2, dated CE 1155–1255, University of Bologna Library
• Ms. Eb. 448 of the Vatican Library, with Targum Onkelos, dated 11–12 century^[20]
• Second Gaster Bible in the British Library, 11th–12th centuries ^[21]
• Braginsky Collection Codex Hilleli copy, 1241 Toledo, Spain (housed at Jewish Theological Seminary, New York)^[22]
• Damascus Crown, written in Spain in 1260.
• Cloisters Hebrew Bible; 1300–1350 CE, before 1366; earliest owner named David ha-Kohen Coutinh[o] on Rosh Hashanah in 1366; owned by Zaradel Synagogue in Egypt. Acquired by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 2018 under The Cloisters Collection.^[23]
• Farhi Bible, written by Elisha Crescas in Provence between 1366 and 1383.^[24] Purchased by David Solomon Sassoon in 1913 in Aleppo, Syria.^[25]
• Rashba Bible, completed in 1383^[26]
• Erfurt Codices (complete, Berlin), E1 circa 14th century, E2 possibly 13th century, E3 possibly 11th century
• Codex Jericho (Pentateuch), lost, cited in the notes to a Massoretic manuscript written circa 1310.
• Al-Ousta Codex, 14th century. Now at the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris.
• Merwas Bible (14th century)^[27]
• Codex Ezra, lost, C.D. Ginsburg owned a manuscript written in 1474 which purported to have been copied from this.
• Kennicott Bible, completed by Moses ibn Zabarah in A Coruña, Spain in 1476 and now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford,^[28] with exact facsimiles held by several libraries.
• Lisbon Bible, copied in 1483 in Lisbon, Portugal, the most accomplished codex of the Portuguese school of medieval Hebrew illumination and now in the British Library.^[29]
• Codex Sinai, mentioned in Massoretic notes and reportedly used by Elia Levita (circa 1540).
• MS. de Rossi 782, copied in Toledo Spain in 1277.
• Codex Sanbuki (named for Zambuqi, on the Tigris River), lost, frequently quoted in Massoretic annotations and apparently seen (circa 1600) by Menahem Lonzano.
• Codex Great Mahzor, lost, mentioned in Massoretic notes (the title suggests that this codex contained only the Pentateuch and those selections from the Prophets that were read during the liturgical year)

Modern discoveries[edit]

• Ketef Hinnom scrolls, late 7th or early 6th century BCE, placing them in the First Temple period. Found containing material from Leviticus and Deuteronomy, including the Priestly Blessing, alongside other otherwise unknown material on small rolled silver scrolls
• Nash Papyrus, dated to the 2nd BCE – 1st CE. A liturgy, potentially a Mezuzah, found with the 10 Commandments followed by the Shema; it is most similar to the LXX
• A wine-jar seal held in the Chicago University’s collection quotes Jeremiah 48:11 as a reference to the quality of the wine contained therein. It likely dates to between the Dead Sea Scrolls and the major Masoretic texts^[30]
• En-Gedi Scroll, fragment of Hebrew parchment dated to 2nd century CE, discovered in 1970 containing portions of the first 2 chapters of Leviticus^[31]
• Cairo Geniza fragments contains portions of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew and Aramaic, discovered in Cairo synagogue, which date from about 4th century CE on

Dead Sea Scrolls[edit]

Dated Between 250 BCE and 70 CE.^[32]

• Isaiah scroll, 1Qlsa, contains almost the complete text of the Book of Isaiah
• 4QDeutⁿ, contains the Decalogue.
• 4Q106
• 4Q107
• 4Q108
• 4Q240
• 6Q6

Qumran Cave 1[edit]

English Bible Association

Language

Date/script

Description

Reference

Great Isaiah Scroll

Isaiah 1:1–31; 2:1–22; 3:1–5:30; 6:1–13; 7:1–25; 8:1–23; 9:1–20; 10:1–34; 11:1–45:25; 46:1–66:24

Hebrew

356–103 BCE/150–100 BCE

Contains all 66 chapters with occasional lacunae and some missing words at the bottom of some columns

^[33][34]

Isaiah

cf. 1Q8

The Book of Isaiah

Hebrew

Hasmonean/Herodian

A second copy of portions of the Book of Isaiah

^[35][36]

Serekh ha-Yahad or "Community Rule"

Hebrew

cf. 4QS^a-j = 4Q255–64, 5Q11

^[37]

Pesher on Habakkuk

Habakkuk 1–2

Hebrew

Later half of the 1st century BC

Commentary on Habakkuk 1:2–17; 2:1–20

^[38][39]

MilhamahorWar Scroll

Hebrew

cf. 4Q491, 4Q493; 11Q14?

HodayotorThanksgiving Hymns

Hebrew

Some parts are also preserved in 1QH^b and 4QH^a-f

^[40]

Genesis Apocryphon

Genesis 12:18–15:4

Aramaic

25 BCE–50 CE

^[41]

Cairo GenizaorTestament of Levi

Aramaic

Genesis

1Q1

Genesis 1:18–21; 3:11–14; 22:13–15; 23:17–19; 24:22–24

Hebrew

Herodian

^[42][43]

Exodus

1Q2

Exodus 16:12–16; 19:24–20:2, 20:5–6; 20:25–21:1; 21:4–5

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[42][44]

Leviticus – Numbers

1Q3

Leviticus 11:10–11; 19:30–34; 20:20–24; 21:24–22:6; 23:4–8 and Numbers 1:48–50

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman; Palaeo-Hebrew script

^[42][45]

Deuteronomy

1Q4

Deuteronomy 1:22–25; 4:47–49; 8:18–19; 9:27–28; 11:27–30; 13:1–6, 13–14; 14:21, 24–25; 16:4, 6–7

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[42][46][47]

1Q5

Deuteronomy 1:9–13; 8:8–9; 9:10; 11:30–31; 15:14–15; 17:16; 21:8–9; 24:10–16; 25:13–18; 28:44–48; 29:9–20; 30:19–20; 31:1–10, 12–13; 32:17–29; 33:12–24

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[42][46][48]

Judges

1Q6

Judges 6:20–22; 8:1(?); 9:2–6, 28–31, 40–43, 48–49

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[42][49]

Samuel

1Q7

2 Samuel 18:17–18; 20:6–10; 21:16–18; 23:9–12

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[42][50]

Isaiah

Parts of 1QIsa^b as 1Q8

Isaiah 7:22–25; 8:1; 10:17–19; 12:3–6; 13:1–8, 16–19; 15:3–9; 16:1–2, 7–11; 19:7–17, 20–25; 20:1; 22:11–18, 24–25; 23:1–4; 24:18–23; 25:1–8; 26:1–5; 28:15–20; 29:1–8; 30:10–14, 21–26; 35:4–5; 37:8–12; 38:12–22; 39:1–8; 40:2–3; 41:3–23; 43:1–13, 23–27; 44:21–28; 45:1–13; 46:3–13; 47:1–14; 48:17–22; 49:1–15; 50:7–11; 51:1–10; 52:7–15; 53:1–12; 54:1–6; 55:2–13; 56:1–12; 57:1–4, 17–21; 58:1–14; 59:1–8, 20–21; 60:1–22; 61:1–2; 62:2–12; 63:1–19; 64:1, 6–8; 65:17–25; 66:1–24

Hebrew

Herodian

^[35][42]

Ezekiel

Parts of 1QIsa^b as 1Q9

Ezekiel 4:16–17; 5:1

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[42][51]

Psalms

1Q10

Psalm 86:5–8; 92:12–14; 94:16; 95:11–96:2; 119:31–34, 43–48, 77–79

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[42][52]

1Q11

Psalm 126:6; 127:1–5; 128:3

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[42][53]

1Q12

Psalm 44:3–5, 7, 9, 23–25

Hebrew

Herodian

^[42][54]

Phylactery

1Q13

Deuteronomy 5:23–27; 11:8–11

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

58 fragments from a Phylactery

^[46][55][56]

PesheronMicah

1Q14

Hebrew

Herodian

^[55][57]

PesheronZephaniah

1Q15

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[55][58]

PesheronPsalms

1Q16

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[55][59]

Jubilees

1Q17

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Jubilees

^[55][60]

1Q18

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Jubilees

^[55][61]

Book of Noah

1Q19

Hebrew

Herodian

Parts of the lost Book of Noah

^[55][62]

Fragments of the "Genesis Apocryphon"

1Q20

Aramaic

Herodian

^[63][64]

Testament of Levi

1Q21

Aramaic

Hasmonean

Aramaic Levi Document

^[65][66]

"Dibrê Moshe" or "Words of Moses"

1Q22

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[65][67]

Book of Giants

1Q23

Aramaic

Hasmonean

Enoch

^[68][69]

Book of Giants

1Q24

Aramaic

Hellenistic-Roman

Enoch

^[68][70]

"Apocryphal Prophecy"

1Q25

Hebrew

Herodian

^[71][72]

"Instruction"

1Q26

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[71][73]

"The Book of Mysteries"

1Q27

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[71][74]

"Rule of the Congregation"

1Q28 (1Q28a)

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragment from "Community Rule"

^[71][75]

"Rule of the Blessing" or "Rule of the Benedictions"

1Q28b

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[71][76]

Apocryphon of Moses

1Q29

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

"Liturgy of the Three Tongues of Fire"

^[71][77]

"Liturgical Text 1"

1Q30

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[71][78]

"Liturgical Text 2"

1Q31

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[71][79]

"New Jerusalem"

1Q32

Aramaic

Herodian

cf. 11Q18

^[80][81]

Fragment of the 1QM or "War Scroll" or "Milhamah"

1Q33

Deuteronomy 20:2–5; Numbers 10:9, 24:17–19; Isaiah 31:8

Hebrew

30–1 BCE

Early Herodian

^[46][80]

"Liturgical Prayers" or "Festival Prayers"

1Q34

Hebrew

Herodian

^[80][82]

"Hodayot" or "Thanksgiving Hymns"

1Q35

Hebrew

Herodian

^[80][83]

"Hymns"

1Q36

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[80][84]

"Hymnic Composition"

1Q37

Hebrew

Herodian

^[80][85]

"Hymnic Composition"

1Q38

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[80][86]

"Hymnic Composition"

1Q39

Hebrew

Herodian

^[80][87]

"Hymnic Composition"

1Q40

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[80][88]

1Q41–70

Hebrew

Unclassified Fragments

^[89]

Daniel

1Q71

Daniel 1:10–17; 2:2–6

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[90]

1Q72

Daniel 3:22–30

Aramaic

Hellenistic-Roman

^[91]

Qumran Cave 2[edit]

English Bible Association

Language

Date/script

Description

Reference

Genesis

2Q1

Genesis 19:27–28; 36:6, 35–37

Hebrew

Herodian

^[92][93]

Exodus

2Q2

Exodus 1:11–14; 7:1–4; 9:27–29; 11:3–7; 12:32–41; 21:18–20(?); 26:11–13; 30:21(?), 23–25; 32:32–34

^[92][94]

2Q3

Exodus 4:31; 12:26–27(?); 18:21–22; 21:37–22:2, 15–19; 27:17–19; 31:16–17; 19:9; 34:10

^[92][95]

2Q4

Exodus 5:3–5

Hellenistic-Roman

^[92][96]

Leviticus

2Q5

Leviticus 11:22–29

Hasmonean; Palaeo-Hebrew script

^[92][97]

Numbers

2Q6

Numbers 3:38–41, 51– 4:3

Hebrew

Herodian

^[92][98]

2Q7

Numbers 33:47–53

^[92][99]

2Q8

Numbers 7:88

^[92][100]

2Q9

Numbers 18:8–9

Hellenistic-Roman

This fragment may belong to 2Q7; possibly = Leviticus 23:1–3

^[92][101]

Deuteronomy

2Q10

Deuteronomy 1:7–9

Hebrew

50–25 BCE

Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian

^[92][46]

2Q11

Deuteronomy 17:12–15

Hebrew

30 BCE – 68 CE

Herodian

^[92][46]

2Q12

Deuteronomy 10:8–12

Hebrew

1–68 CE

Late Herodian

^[92][46]

Jeremiah

2Q13

Jeremiah 42:7–11, 14; 43:8–11; 44:1–3, 12–14; 46:27–47:7; 48:7, 25–39, 43–45; 49:10

Hebrew

Herodian

Doubtfully identified fragments: 13:22; 32:24–25; 48:2–4, 41–42

^[102][103]

Psalms

2Q14

Psalm 103:2–11; 104:6–11

^[102][104]

Job

2Q15

Job 33:28–30

^[102][105]

Ruth

2Q16

Ruth 2:13–23; 3:1–8; 4:3–4

Hebrew

Herodian

^[102][106]

2Q17

Ruth 3:13–18

Hasmonean

^[102][107]

"Wisdom of Sirach" or "Ecclesiasticus"

2Q18

Sir 6:14–15 (or 1:19–20); 6:20–31

Hebrew

Herodian

Ben Sira

^[102][108]

Book of Jubilees

2Q19

Genesis 25:7–9

Hebrew

Herodian

Jub 23:7–8

^[102][109]

Book of Jubilees

2Q20

Exodus 1:7; Genesis 50:26, 22 (different order)

Jub 46:1–3

^[110]

"ApocryphonofMoses"

2Q21

Hebrew

Herodian

Apocryphal writing about Moses

^[102][111]

"ApocryphonofDavid"

2Q22

Hebrew

Herodian

Apocryphal writing about David

^[112][113]

"Apocryphal Prophecy"

2Q23

Hebrew

Herodian

Apocryphal prophetic text in six tiny fragments.

^[114][115]

"New Jerusalem"

2Q24

Aramaic

Herodian

Description of the New Jerusalem. cf. 1Q32 ar, 11Q18 ar

^[114][116]

"Juridical Text"

2Q25

Hebrew

Herodian

A juridical text

^[114][117]

"Book of Giants" from "Enoch"

2Q26

Aramaic

Herodian

Now known as part of the "Book of Giants". cf. 6Q8

^[118]

2Q30 2Q31

2Q32 2Q33

2Q27

2Q28 2Q29

2Q30 2Q31

2Q32 2Q33

Unidentified Texts

^[89][114]

2QX1

Debris in a box

^[114]

Qumran Cave 3[edit]

English Bible Association

Language

Date/script

Description

Reference

Ezekiel

3Q1

Ezekiel 16:31–33

Hebrew

Herodian

^[114][119]

Psalms

3Q2

Psalm 2:6–7

Hebrew

^[120][121]

Lamentations

3Q3

Lamentations 1:10–12; 3:53–62

Hebrew

^[120][122]

PesheronIsaiah

3Q4

Isaiah 1:1

Hebrew

Herodian

^[120][123]

Jubilees

3Q5

Hebrew

Herodian

Jubilees 23:6–7, 12–13, 23

^[120][124]

Unidentified Hymn

3Q6

Hebrew

Herodian

Hymn of Praise

^[120][125]

Testament of Judah(?)

3Q7

Hebrew

Herodian

cf. 4Q484, 4Q538

^[120][126]

3Q8

Hebrew

Herodian

Text about an Angel of Peace

^[120][127]

3Q9

Hebrew

Herodian

Possible unidentified Sectarian text

^[120][128]

Unidentified

3Q10

3Q11

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Unclassified fragments

^[120]

Unclassified fragments

3Q12

3Q13

Aramaic

Hellenistic-Roman

Unclassified fragments

^[129]

Unidentified

3Q14

Hebrew?

Hellenistic-Roman

21 unclassified fragments

^[130][131]

The Copper Scroll

3Q15

Hebrew

Roman

Copper plaque mentioning buried treasures

^[130][132]

Qumran Cave 4[edit]

English Bible Association

Language

Date/script

Description

Reference

Genesis–Exodus

4Q1

Genesis 8:20–21; Exodus 1–4; 5:3–17; 6:4–21,25; 7:5–13,15–20; 8:20–22; 9:8; 22:14; 27:38–39,42–43; 34:17–21

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments from Genesis to Numbers

^[130][133]

Genesis

4Q2

Genesis 1:1–27; 2:14–19; 4:2–4; 5:13

Hebrew

Roman

Fragment of Genesis

^[130][134]

4Q3

Genesis 40–41

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Genesis

^[130][135]

4Q4

Genesis 1:18–27

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Genesis on the Beginning of Creation

^[130][136]

4Q5

Genesis 36–37; 40–43; 49

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Genesis

^[130][137]

4Q6

Genesis 48:1–11

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Genesis

^[130][138]

4Q7

Genesis 1:1–11,13–22; 2:6–7

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Genesis about Creation

^[130][139]

4Q8

Genesis 1:8–10

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Genesis about the beginning to early mankind.

^[140][141]

4Q8a

Genesis 2:17–18

^[140][142]

4Q8b

Genesis 12:4–5

A paraphrase of Genesis

^[140][143]

4Q8c

Genesis

The title of a Genesis manuscript

^[140][144]

4Q9

Genesis 41–43; 45

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Genesis

^[140][145]

4Q10

Genesis 1:9,14–16,27–28; 2:1–3; 3:1–2

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Genesis

^[140][146]

Paleo-Genesis/Exodus

4Q11

Genesis 50:26; Exodus 1:1–5; 2:10,22–25; 3:1–4,17–21; 8:13–15, 19–21; 9:25–29, 33–35; 10:1–5; 11:4–10; 12:1–11, 42–46; 14:15–24; 16:2–7, 13–14,18–20,23–25,26–31,33–35; 17:1–3,5–11; 18:17–24; 19:24–25; 20:1–2; 22:23–24; 23:5–16; 25:7–20; 26:29–37; 27:1, 6–14; 28:33–35,40–42; 36:34–36

Hebrew

Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script

Fragments of Genesis and Exodus

^[140][147]

Paleo-Genesis

4Q12

Genesis 26:21–28; Exodus 6:25–30; 7:1–19,29; 8:1,5,12–26; 9:5–16,19–21,35; 10:1–12,19–28; 11:8–10; 12:1–2,6–8,13–15,17–22,31–32,34–39; 13:3–7,12–13; 14:3–5,8–9,25–26; 15:23–27; 16:1,4–5,7–8,31–35; 17:1–16; 18:1–27; 19:1,7–17,23–25; 20:1,18–19; 21:5–6, 13–14,22–32; 22:3–4,6–7,11–13,16–30; 23:15–16,19–31; 24:1–4,6–11; 25:11–12,20–29,31–34; 26:8,15,21–30; 27:1–3,9–14,18–19; 28:3–4,8–12,22–24,26–28,30–43; 29:1–5,20,22–25,31–41; 30:10,12–18,29–31,34–38; 31:1–8,13–15; 32:2–19,25–30; 33:12–23; 34:1–3,10–13,15–18,20–24,27–28; 35:1; 36:21–24; 37:9–16

Hebrew

Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script

Fragment from Genesis

^[140][148]

Exodus

4Q13

Exodus 1:1–6,16–12; 2:2–18; 3:13 – 4:8; 5:3–14

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Exodus about Slavery in Egypt

^[140][149]

4Q14

Exodus 7:17–19,20–23; 7:26 – 8:1; 8:5–14,16–18,22; 9:10–11,15–20,22–25,27–35; 10:1–5,7–9,12–19,23–24; 11:9–10; 12:12–16,31–48; 13:18 – 14:3; 14:3–13; 17:1 – 18:12

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Exodus

^[140][150]

4Q15

Exodus 13:15–16 followed directly by 15:1

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn

^{[140][151][152]}

4Q16

Exodus 13:3–5,15–16

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Exodus about the Passover and a Hymn

^[140][150]

Exodus–Leviticus

4Q17

Exodus 38:18–22; 39:3–19, 20–24; 40:8–27; Leviticus 1:13–15, 17–2:1

Hebrew

Early Hellenistic

Fragments of Exodus and Leviticus

^[153][154]

Exodus

4Q18

Exodus 14:21–27

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Exodus

^[153][155]

4Q19

Exodus 6:3–6

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Exodus

^[153][156]

4Q20

Exodus 7:28–8:2

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Exodus

^[153][157]

4Q21

Exodus 36:9–10

Hebrew

Roman

Fragments of Exodus

^[153][158]

Paleo-Exodus

4Q22

Exodus 6:25–7:19,29–8:1,[5],12–22; 9:5–16, 19–21, 35–10:12, 19–28; 11:8–12:2,6–8, 13–15, 17–22, 31–32, 34–39; 13:3–8, 12–13; ... 37:9–16

Hebrew

Hasmonean; Paleo-Hebrew script

Fragments of Exodus;

^[159][153]

Leviticus–Numbers

4Q23

Leviticus 13:32–33; 14:22–34, 40–54; 15:10–11, 19–24; 16:15–29;... 27:5–13;...35:4–5

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Leviticus

^[153][160]

Leviticus

4Q24

Leviticus 1:11–17; 2:1–15; 3:1, 8–14; 21:17–20, 24; 22:1–33; 23:1–25, 40; 24:2–23; 25:28–29, 45–49, 51–52

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Leviticus

^[161][162]

4Q25

Leviticus 1:1–7; 3:16–4:6, 12–14, 23–28; 5:12–13; 8:26–28

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Fragments of Leviticus

^[163][164]

4Q26

Leviticus 14:27–29, 33–36; 15:20–24; 17:2–11

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Fragments of Leviticus

^[163][165]

4Q26a

Leviticus 2:4–6, 11–18; 3:2–4,5–8; 19:34–37; 20:1–3, 27–21:4, 9–12, 21–24; 22:4–6, 11–17

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Fragments of Leviticus

^[89][163]

4Q26b

Leviticus 7:19–26

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Fragments of Leviticus

^[89][163]

Numbers

4Q27

Numbers 11:31–12:11; 13:7–24; 15:41–16:11, 14–16; 17:12–17; 18:25–19:6; 20:12–13,16–17,19–29; 21:1–2,12–13; 22:5–21, 31–34, 37–38, 41–23:6,13–15,21–22, 27–24:10; 25:4–8,16–18; 26:1–5,7–10,12,14–34,62–27:5,7–8,10,18–19,21–23; 28:13–17,28,30–31; 29:10–13,16–18,26–30; 30:1–3,5–9,15–16; 31:2–6, 21–25, 30–33,35–36,38,43–44,46–32:1,7–10,13–17,19,23–30,35,37–39,41; 33:1–4,23,25,28,31,45,47–48,50–52; 34:4–9,19–21,23; 35:3–5,12,14–15,18–25,27–28, 33–36:2,4–7

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Numbers. A few lines are written in red ink

^[163][166]

Deuteronomy

4Q28

Deuteronomy 23:26–24:8

Hebrew

175–150 BCE

Transitional: Archaic to Hasmonean

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^{[46][163][167]}

4Q29

Deuteronomy 29:24–27; 30:3–14; 31:9–17,24–30, 32:1–3

Hebrew

150–100 BCE

Early Hasmonean

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^{[46][163][168]}

4Q30

Deuteronomy 3:25–26; 4:13–17,31–32; 7:3–4; 8:1–5; 9:11–12, 17–19,29; 10:1–2,5–8; 11:2–4,9–13,18–19; 12:18–19,26,30–31; 13:5–7,11–12,16; 15:1–5,15–19; 16:2–3,5–11,20–17:7,15–18:1; 26:19— 27:2,24–28:14,18–20,22–25,29–30,48–50,61; 29:17–19; 31:16–19; 32:3

Hebrew

150–100 BCE

Hasmonean

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[46][169]

4Q31

Deuteronomy 2:24–33; 3:14–29; 4:1

Hebrew

124–75 BCE

Middle Hasmonean

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[46][170]

4Q32

Deuteronomy 3:24; 7:12–16,21–26; 8:1–16

Hebrew

50–25 BCE

Late Hasmonean

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[46][170]

4Q33

Deuteronomy 4:23–27; 7:22–26; 8:2–14; 9:6–7; 17:17–18; 18:6–10,18–22; 19:17–21; 20:1–6; 21:4–12; 22:12–19; 23:21–26; 24:2–7; 25:3–9; 26:18–27:10

Hebrew

75–50 BCE

Late Hasmonean

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[46][170]

4Q34

Deuteronomy 9:12–14; 23:18–20; 24:16–22; 25:1–5,14–19; 26:1–5; 28:21–25,27–29

Hebrew

1–25 CE

Middle Herodian

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[46][170]

4Q35

Deuteronomy 1:1–17,22–23,29–41,43–2:6,28–30; 19:21; 31:9–11; 33:9–22

Hebrew

50–1 BCE

Transitional: Hasmonean to Early Herodian

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[46][170]

4Q36

Deuteronomy 20:9–13; 21:23; 22:1–9; 23:6–8, 12–16, 22–26; 24:1

Hebrew

100–50 BCE

Late Hasmonean

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[46][170]

4Q37

Exodus 12:43–44, 46–51; 13:1–5; Deuteronomy 5:1–11, 13–15, 21–33; 6:1–3; 8:5–10; 11:6–10, 12–13; 30:17–18; 32:7–8

Hebrew

50 CE

Late Herodian

Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy

^[46][170]

4Q38

Deuteronomy 5:28–31; 11:6–13; 32:17–18, 22–23, 25–27

Hebrew

30–1 BCE

Early Herodian

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^{[46][170][171]}

4Q38a

Deuteronomy 19: 8–16; 20: 6–19; 21:16; 23:22–26; 24:1–3; 25:19; 26:1–5, 18–19; 27:1

Hebrew

30–1 BCE

Early Herodian

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^{[46][170][171]}

4Q38b

Deuteronomy 30: 16–18

Hebrew

50 CE

Late Herodian

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[172][171]

4Q39

Deuteronomy 10:1,14–15; 28:67–68; 29:2–5; 31:12; 33:1–2; 34:4–6,8

Hebrew

50 CE

Late Hasmonean

Fragments of Deuteronomy about choosing Life or Death

^[46][172]

4Q40

Deuteronomy 3:18–22; 4:32–33; 7:18–22

Hebrew

50–1 BCE

Transitional: Hasmonean to Herodian

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[46][172]

All Souls Deuteronomy

4Q41

Deuteronomy 5:1–33; 6:1; 8:5–10

Hebrew

30–1 BCE

Early Herodian

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[46][172]

Deuteronomy

4Q42

Deuteronomy 2:8; 4:30–34; 5:1–5, 8–9; 28:15–18, 33–36, 47–52, 58–62; 29:22–25

Hebrew

75–50 BCE

Late Hasmonean

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[46][172]

4Q43

Deuteronomy 6:4–11

Hebrew

75–50 BCE

Late Hasmonean

Fragments of Deuteronomy about Loving God

^[46][172]

4Q44

Deuteronomy 32:9–10, 37–43

Hebrew

50 BCE–25 CE

Late Hasmonean or Early Herodian

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[46][172]

Paleo-Deuteronomy

4Q45

Deuteronomy 7:2–7, 16–25; 11:28,30–12:1,11–12; 13:19; 14:19–22, 26–29; 15:5–6, 8–10; 19:2–3; 21:8–9; 22:3–6,12–15; 28:15–18, 20; 30:7–8; 32:2–8,10–11,13–14, 33–35; 33:2–8, 29; 34:1–2

Hebrew

100–25 BCE

Paleo-Hebrew script

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^[46][172]

4Q46

Deuteronomy 26:14–15

Hebrew

250–200 BCE

Archaic Paleo-Hebrew script

Fragments of Deuteronomy about giving Tithes

^[46][172]

Joshua

4Q47

Joshua 8:34–35; 5:?,2–7; 6:5–10; 7:12–17; 8:3–14, 18?; 10:2–5, 8–11.

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Joshua

^[172][173]

4Q48

Joshua 2:11–12; 3:15–16; 4:1–3; 17:11–15

^[174][175]

Judges

4Q49

Judges 6:2–6, 11–13

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Judges

^[176][177]

4Q50

Judges 19:5–7; 21:12–25

^[176][178]

Samuel

4Q51

1 Samuel 1:9, 11–13, 17–18, 22–26, 28; 2:1–10,16–36; 3:1–4,18–21; 4:9–12; 5:8–12; 6:1–7,12–13,16–18,20–21; 7:1; 8:9–20; 9:6–8,11–12,16–24; 10:3–18,25–27; 11:1,7–12; 12:7–8,14–19; 14:24–25,28–34,47–51; 15:24–32; 17:3–6; 24:4–5,8–9,14–23; 25:3–12,20–21,25–26,39–40; 26:10–12,21–23; 27:8–12; 28:1–2,22–25; 30:28–30; 31:2–4; 2 Samuel 2:5–16,25–27,29–32; 3:1–8,23–39; 4:1–4,9–12; 5:1–3,6–16; 6:2–9,12–18; 7:23–29; 8:2–8; 10:4–7,18–19; 11:2–12,16–20; 12:4–5,8–9,13–20,30–31; 13:1–6,13–34,36–39; 14:1–3,18–19; 15:1–6,27–31; 16:1–2,11–13,17–18,21–23; 18:2–7,9–11; 19:7–12; 20:2–3,9–14,23–26; 21:1–2,4–6,15–17; 22:30–51; 23:1–6; 24:16–20

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel

^[176][179]

4Q52

1 Samuel 16:1–11; 19:10–17; 20:27–42; 21:1–10; 23:9–17

Hebrew

Early Hellenistic

Fragments of 1 Samuel

^[176][180]

4Q53

1 Samuel 25:30–32; 2 Samuel 14:7–33; 15:1–15

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel

^[176][181]

Kings

4Q54

1 Kings 7:31–41; 8:1–9,16–18

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of 1 Kings

^[176][182]

Isaiah

4Q55

Isaiah 1:1–3; 2:7–10; 4:5–6; 6:4–7; 11:12–15; 12:4–6; 13:4–6; 17:9–14; 19:9–14; 20:1–6; 21:1–2,4–16; 22:13–25; 23:1–12

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Isaiah

^[183][184]

4Q56

Isaiah 1:1–6; 2:3–16; 3:14–22; 5:15–28; 9:10–11; 11:7–9; 12:2; 13:3–18; 17:8–14; 18:1,5–7; 19:1–25; 20:1–4; 21:11–14; 22:24–25; 24:2; 26:1–5,7–19; 35:9–10; 36:1–2; 37:2932; 39:1–8; 40:1–4,22–26; 41:8–11; 43:12–15; 44:19–28; 45:20–25; 46:1–3; 49:21–23; 51:14–16; 52:2,7; 53:11–12; 61:1–3; 64:5–11; 65:1; 66:24

Hebrew

Herodian

^[183][185]

4Q57

Isaiah 9:3–12; 10:23–32; 11:4–11,15–16; 12:1; 14:1–5,13; 22:10–14; 23:8–18; 24:1–15,19–23; 25:1–2,8–12; 30:8–17; 33:2–8,16–23; 45:1–4,6–13; 48:10–13,17–19; 50:7–11; 51:1–16; 52:10–15; 53:1–3,6–8; 54:3–17; 55:1–6; 66:20–24

Hebrew

^[183][186]

4Q58

Isaiah 46:10–13; 47:1–6,8–9; 48:8–22; 49:1–15; 52:4–7; 53:8–12; 54:1–11; 57:9–21; 58:1–3,5–7

Hebrew

^[183][187]

4Q59

Isaiah 2:1–4; 7:17–20; 8:2–14; 9:17–20; 10:1–10; 11:14–15; 12:1–6; 13:1–4; 14:1–13,20–24; 59:15–16

Hebrew

^[183][188]

4Q60

Isaiah 1:10–16,18–31; 2:1–3; 5:13–14, 25; 6:3–8,10–13; 7:16–18,23–25; 8:1,4–11; 20:4–6; 22:14–22,25; 24:1–3; 27:1,5–6,8–12; 28:6–9,16–18,22,24; 29:8

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[183][189]

4Q61

Isaiah 42:14–25; 43:1–4,17–24

Hebrew

Herodian

^[183][190]

4Q61

Isaiah 42:4–11

Hebrew

Herodian

^[183]

4Q62

Isaiah 56:7–8; 57:5–8

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[191][192]

4Q63

Isaiah 1:1–6

Hebrew

Herodian

^[191][193]

4Q64

Isaiah 28:26–29:9

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[191][194]

4Q65

Isaiah 7:14–15; 8:11–14

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[191][195]

4Q66

Isaiah 60:20–61:1,3–6

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[191][196]

Isaiah

4Q67

Isaiah 58:13–14

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Isaiah, including elements on punishment (4Q67) and God's blessings for his people (4Q67, 4Q69a).

^[191][197]

4Q68

Isaiah 14:28–15:2

^[191][198]

4Q69

Isaiah 5:28–30

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^{[191][199][200]}

4Q69a

Isaiah 54:10–13

^[191][200]

4Q69b

Isaiah 30:23

^[191][200]

Jeremiah

4Q70

Jeremiah 6:30?, 7:1–2, 15–19, 28–9:2, 7–15; 10:9–14, 23; 11:3–6, 19–20; 12:3–7, 13–16, 17; 13:1–7, 22–23? [or 22:3], 27; 14:4–7; 15:1–2; 17:8–26; 18:15–23; 19:1; 20:14–18; 21:1?; 22:3–16; 26:10?

Hebrew

200 BCE – 1 BCE

Fragments of Jeremiah

^{[191][201][202]}

4Q71

Jeremiah 9:22–25; 10:1–21

^{[201][202][203]}

4Q72

Jeremiah 4:5, 13–16; 8:1–3, 21–23; 9:1–5; 10:12–13; 19:8–9; 20:2–5, 7–9, 13–15; 21:7–10; 22:4–6, 10–28; 25:7–8,15–17, 24–26; 26:10–13; 27:1–3, 13–15; 30:6–9, [10–17], 17–24; 31:1–14, 19–26; 33:?, 16–20

^{[201][202][203]}

4Q72a

Jeremiah 43:2–10

^{[201][202][203]}

4Q72b

Jeremiah 50:4–6

^{[201][202][203]}

Ezekiel

4Q73

Ezekiel 10:5–16, 17–22; 11:1–11; 23:14–15, 17–18, 44–47; 41:3–6

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Ezekiel

^[203][204]

4Q74

Ezekiel 1:10–13, 16–17, 19–24

^{[203][205][206]}

4Q75

Ezekiel 24:2–3

^[203][207]

The Twelve Minor Prophets

4Q76

Zechariah 14:18; Malachi 2:10–3:24; Jonah 1:1–5, 7–2:1, 7; 3:2

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of the Twelve Minor Prophets

^[203][208]

4Q77

Zephaniah 1:1–2; 2:13–15; 3:19–20; Haggai 1:1–2; 2:2–4

^[203][209]

4Q78

Hosea 2:13–15; 3:2–4; 4:1–19; 5:1; 7:12–13; 13:3–10, 15; 14:1–6; Joel 1:10–20; 2:1, 8–23; 4:6–21; Amos 1:1?; 2:11–16; 3:1–15; 4:1–2; 6:13–14; 7:1–16; Zephaniah 2:15; 3:1–2; Malachi 3:6–7?

^[203][210]

4Q79

Hosea 1:6–2:5

^[211][212]

4Q80

Haggai 2:18–19, 20–21; Zechariah 1:4–6, 8–10, 13–15; 2:10–14; 3:2–10; 4:1–4; 5:8–6:5; 8:2–4, 6–7, 12:7–12

^[211][213]

4Q81

Jonah 1:6–8, 10–16; Micah 5:1–2

^[211][214]

4Q82

Hosea 2:1–5,14–19, 22–25; 3:1–5; 4:1, 10–11, 13–14; 6:3–4, 8–11; 7:1, 12–13, 13–16; 8:1; 9:1–4, 9–17; 10:1–14; 11:2–5, 6–11; 12:1–15; 13:1, 6–8?, 11–13; 14:9–10; Joel 1:12–14; 2:2–13 4:4–9, 11–14, 17, 19–20; Amos 1:3–15; 2:1, 7–9, 15–16; 3:1–2; 4:4–9; 5:1–2, 9–18; 6:1–4, 6–14; 7:1, 7–12, 14–17; 8:1–5, 11–14; 9:1, 5–6, 14–15; Obadiah 1–5, 8–12, 14–15; Jonah 1:1–9; 2:3–11; 3:1–3; 4:5–11; Micah 1:7,

12–15; 2:3–4; 3:12; 4:1–2; 5:6–7 (7–8); 7:2–3, 20; Nahum 1:7–9; 2:9–11; 3:1–3, 17; Habakkuk 2:4?; Zephaniah 3:3–5; Zechariah 10:11–12; 11:1–2; 12:1–3

^[211][215]

Psalms

4Q83

Psalm 5:9–13; 6:1–4; 25:15; 31:24–25; 33:1–12; 35:2,14–20,26–28; 36:1–9; 38:2–12,16–23; 47:2; 53:4–7; 54:1–6; 56:4; 62:13; 63:2–4; 66:16–20; 67:1–7; 69:1–19; 71:1–14

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Psalms.

^[211][216]

4Q84

Psalm 91:5–8,12–15; 92:4–8,13–15; 93:5; 94:1–4,8–14,17–18,21–22; 96:2; 98:4; 99:5–6; 100:1–2; 102:5,10–29; 103:1–6,9–14,20–21; 112:4–5; 113:1; 115:2–3; 116:17–19; 118:1–3,6–11,18–20,23–26,29

Hebrew

Herodian

^[211][217]

4Q85 / 4Q98^c

Psalm 16:7–9; 18:3–14,16–18,33–41; 27:12–14; 28:1–2,4; 35:27–28; 37:18–19; 45:8–11; 49:1–17; 50:14–23; 51:1–5; 52:6–11; 53:1 Psalm 88:15–17

Hebrew

Herodian

^{[211] [218][219][220]}

4Q86

Psalm 146:10; 147:1–3,13–17,20; 104:1–5,8–11,14–15,22–25,33–35

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[221][222]

4Q87

Psalm 76:10–12; 77:1; 78:6–7,31–33; 81:2–3; 86:10–11; 88:1–4; 89:44–46,50–53; 104:1–3,20–21; 105:22–24,36–45; 109:13; 115:15–18; 116:1–3; 120:6; 125:2–5; 126:1–5; 129:8; 130:1–3

Hebrew

Herodian

^[221][223]

4Q88

Psalm 22:14–17; 107:2–4,8–11,13–15,18–19,22–30,35; 109:4–6, 25–28; Apostrophe to Zion; Apostrophe to Judah; Eschatological Hymn

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[221][224]

4Q89

Psalm 119:37–43,44–46,49–50,73,81–83,90

Hebrew

Herodian

^[221][225]

4Q90

Psalm 119:10–21

Hebrew

Herodian

^[221][226]

4Q91

Psalm 48:1–7; 49:6,9–12,15,17

Hebrew

Herodian

^[221][227]

4Q92

Psalm 26:7–12; 27:1; 30:9–13; 135:7–16;

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[221][228]

4Q93

Psalm 104:3–5,11–12

Hebrew

Herodian

^[221][229]

4Q94

Psalm 93:3–5; 95:3–6; 97:6–9; 98:4–8

Hebrew

Herodian

^[221][230]

4Q95

Psalm 135:6–9,11–12; 136:23–24

Hebrew

Herodian

^[231][218]

4Q96

Psalm 114:7; 115:1–2,4; 116:3, 5, 7–10

Hebrew

Herodian

^[218][232]

4Q97

Psalm 143:2–4, 6–8

Hebrew

Herodian

^[218][233]

Psalms

4Q98

Psalm 31:24–25; 33:1–18; 35:4–20

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Psalms, including elements on putting one's hope in God (4Q98d), the earth shaking at the presence of God (4Q98e), the blessings of God's Children and the struggle of the wicked (4Q98f).

^[218]

4Q98a

Psalm 26:7–12; 27:1; 30:9–13

^[218][234]

4Q98b

Psalm 5:8–13; 6:1

^[218]

*4Q98c

Psalm 88:15–17

^[218]

4Q98d

Psalm 42:5

^[218]

4Q98e

Psalm 99:1

^[218]

4Q98f

Psalm 112:1–9

^[218]

4Q98g

Psalm 89:20–22, 26, 23, 27–28, 31

^[218]

Job

4Q99

Job 31:14–19; 32:3–4; 33:10–11, 24–26, 28–30; 35:16; 36:7–11, 13–27, 32–33; 37:1–5, 14–15

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Job

^[235]

^[236]

4Q100

Job 8:15–17; 9:27; 13:4; 14:4–6; 31:20–21

Herodian

^[236][237]

Paleo-Job

4Q101

Job 13:18–20, 23–27; 14:13–18

Hebrew

Early Hellenistic; Paleo-Hebrew script

Fragment of Job

^[236][238]

Proverbs

4Q102

Proverbs 1:27–33; 2:1

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Proverbs

^[236][239]

4Q103

Proverbs 13:6–9; 14:5–10, 12–13, 31–35; 15:1–8, 19–31; 7:9, 11?

Hebrew

Herodian

^[236][240]

Ruth

4Q104

Ruth 1:1–12

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Ruth

^[236][241]

4Q105

Ruth 1:1–6, 12–15

Hebrew

Herodian

^[236][242]

Canticles (Song of Songs)

4Q106

Song of Songs 3:4–5, 7–11; 4:1–7; 6:11?–12; 7:1–7

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Pesher on Song of Songs/Canticles, including an introduction (4Q106).

^[236][243]

4Q107

Song of Songs 2:9–17; 3:1–2, 5, 9–11; 4:1–3, 8–11, 14–16; 5:1

Hebrew

Herodian

^[236][244]

4Q108

Song of Songs 3:7–8

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[236][245]

Ecclesiastes

4Q109

Ecclesiastes 5:13–17; 6:1?,3–8,12; 7:1–10,19–20

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Ecclesiastes

^[246][247]

4Q110

Ecclesiastes 1:10–15

Hebrew

Herodian

^[246][248]

Lamentations

4Q111

Lamentations 1:1–15, 17, 16, 18; 2:5

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of Lamentations

^[246][249]

Daniel

4Q112

Daniel 1:16–20; 2:9–11, 19–49; 3:1–2; 4:29–30; 5:5–7, 12–14, 16–19; 7:5–7, 25–28; 8:1–5; 10:16–20; 11:13–16

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Daniel

^[246][250]

4Q113

Daniel 5:10–12, 14–16, 19–22; 6:8–22, 27–29; 7:1–6, 11?, 26–28; 8:1–8, 13–16

Hebrew

Herodian

^[246][251]

4Q114

Daniel 10:5–9, 11–16, 21; 11:1–2, 13–17, 25–29

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[246][252]

4Q115

Daniel 3:8–10?, 23–25; 4:5–9, 12–16; 7:15–23

Hebrew

Herodian

^[246][253]

4Q116

Daniel 9:12–17

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[246][254]

Ezra

4Q117

Ezra 4:2–6, 9–11; 5:17; 6:1–5

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Ezra-Nehemiah

^[246][255]

Chronicles

4Q118

2 Chronicles 28:27; 29:1–3

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments of 2 Chronicles

^[246][256]

Septuagint Leviticus

4Q119

Leviticus 26:2–16

Greek

Hasmonean

Fragments of Leviticus

^[257][258]

4Q120

Leviticus 1:11; 2:3–5, 7–8?; 3:4, 7, 9–14; 4:3–4, 6–8, 10–11, 18–19, 26–28, 30; 5:6, 8–10, 16–24; [6:1–5]

Greek

Hasmonean

97 fragments of Leviticus. Contains ΙΑΩ for the tetragrammaton

^[257][259]

Septuagint Numbers

4Q121

Numbers 3:40–43,50–51?; 4:1?,5–9,11–16; 3:39?

Greek

Herodian

Fragments of Numbers

^[257][260]

Septuagint Deuteronomy

4Q122

Deuteronomy 11:4

Greek

Early Hellenistic

Fragments of Deuteronomy

^{[46][257][261]}

Paraphrase on Joshua

4Q123

Joshua

Hebrew

Paleo-Hebrew script

"Rewritten Joshua"

^[257][262]

Unidentified text

4Q126

—

Greek

Herodian

Fragmentary religious text

^[263][264]

Paraphrase on Exodus

4Q127

Exodus

Greek

Herodian

"Rewritten Exodus"

^[257][265]

Phylactery Scrolls

4Q128

Deuteronomy 5:1–14,27–6:3; 10:12–11:21; Exodus 12:43–13:7

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Fragments of Deuteronomy and Exodus.

^{[46][266][267]}

4Q129

Exodus 13:9–16

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][268][269]}

4Q130

Exodus 13:13–16; Deuteronomy 6:4–9; 11:13–21

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][268][270]}

4Q131

Deuteronomy 11:13–21

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][268][271]}

4Q132

Exodus 13:1–10

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[268][272]

4Q133

Exodus 13:11–16

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[268][273]

4Q134

Deuteronomy 5:1–21; Exodus 13:11–12

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][268][274]}

4Q135

Deuteronomy 5:22–6:5; Exodus 13:14–16

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][268][275]}

4Q136

Deuteronomy 6:6–7; 11:13–21; Exodus 12:43–13:10

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][268][276]}

4Q137

Deuteronomy 5:24–32; 6:2–3

Hebrew

^[46][268]

4Q138

Deuteronomy 10:12–11:17

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][277][278]}

4Q139

Deuteronomy 5:7–24

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][277][279]}

4Q140

Exodus 12:44–13:10; Deuteronomy 5:33–6:5

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][277][280]}

4Q141

Deuteronomy 32:14–20, 32–33

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][277][281]}

4Q142

Deuteronomy 5:1–16, 6:7–9

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][277][282]}

4Q143

Deuteronomy 10:22–11:3,18–21

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][277][283]}

4Q144

Exodus 13:4–9; Deuteronomy 11:4–18

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][277][284]}

4Q145

Exodus 13:1–10

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[277][285]

4Q146

Deuteronomy 11:19–21

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^{[46][277][286]}

4Q147

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Could not be deciphered

^[277][287]

4Q148

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[277][288]

Mezuzah Scrolls

4Q149

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Fragments of Exodus and Deuteronomy

^[289][290]

4Q150

Deuteronomy 6:5–6; 10:14–11:2

Hebrew

Herodian

^[291][292]

4Q151

Deuteronomy 5:27–6:9; 10:12–20

Hebrew

Herodian

^[291][293]

4Q152

Deuteronomy 6:5–7

Hebrew

Herodian

^[291][294]

4Q153

Deuteronomy 11:17–18

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[291][295]

4Q154

Deuteronomy 13:1–4

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[291][296]

4Q155

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

^[291][297]

TargumofLeviticus

4Q156

Leviticus 16:12–15,18–21

Aramaic

Hasmonean

Fragments of Leviticus

^[298][299]

Targum of Job

4Q157

Job 3:5–6; 4:17–5:4

Aramaic

Herodian

Fragments of Job

^{[298][300][301]}

Reworked Pentateuch A

4Q158

Genesis 32:25–30; 32:31 ?; Exodus 3:12; 4:27–28; 19:17–23; 24:4–6; 20:12–17,19–21 (Samaritan), 22–26; 21:15–25, 32–37; 22:1–13; 30:32.34; Deuteronomy 5:30–31; 21:1–10

Hebrew

Herodian

Reworked Pentateuch

^{[46][302][303][304]}

Ordinances A

4Q159

Hebrew

Herodian

Non-biblical composition

^[304][305]

Vision of Samuel

4Q160

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Non-biblical composition

^[304][306]

PesheronIsaiah

4Q161

Hebrew

Herodian

Non-biblical composition

^[307]

4Q162

Hebrew

Herodian

Non-biblical composition

^[308]

PesheronHoseaA

4Q166

Hebrew

Herodian

Hosea Commentary Scroll

^{[309][310][311]}

Pesher on Hosea B

4Q167

Hebrew

Herodian

^[310][312]

Pesher on Micah?

4Q168

Hebrew

Herodian

Micah Commentary?

^[310][313]

Pesher on Nahum

4Q169

Nahum 1:3–6; 2:12–14; 3:1–5, 6–9, 10–12, 14

Hebrew

Herodian

Containing the term "The Seekers after Smooth Things"

^[310][314]

Florilegium or Midrash on the Last Days

4Q174

2 Samuel 7:10–14 (1 Chronicles 17:9–13); Exodus 15:17–18; Amos 9:11; Psalm 1:1; Isaiah 8:11; Ezekiel 37:23?; Psalm 2:1; Daniel 12:10; 11:32; Deuteronomy 33:8–11, 12, 19–21

Hebrew

Herodian

Quotations from biblical passages with midrashic commentary

^[315][316]

Testimonia

4Q175

Deuteronomy 5:28–29; 18:18–19; 33:8–11

Numbers 24:15–17 Joshua 6:26, quoted in Psalms of Joshua (4Q379, frag. 22)

Hebrew

Herodian; Hasmonean script

A list of quotations; Messianic Anthology or Testimonia

^{[46][315][317]}

Apocryphal Lamentations A

4Q179

Lamentations

Hebrew

Herodian

cf. 4Q501

^[318]

Physiognomies/Horoscopes

4Q186

Hebrew

Herodian

^[319]

Tobit

4Q196

Tobit

Aramaic

Hasmonean

OnPapyrus. cf. 4Q501

^[320]

Tobit

4Q197

Tobit

Aramaic

Herodian

cf. 4Q501

^[321]

Tobit

4Q198

Tobit

Aramaic

Hasmonean

cf. 4Q501

^[322]

Tobit

4Q199

Tobit

Aramaic

Hasmonean

cf. 4Q501

^[323]

Tobit

4Q200

Tobit

Hebrew

Herodian

cf. 4Q501

^[324]

The Enoch Scroll

4Q201^a

Aramaic

Hasmonean

^[309][325]

The Aramaic Levi Document (ALD)

4Q213 4Q213a 4Q213b 4Q214 4Q214a 4Q214b

Aramaic

Hasmonean

Multiple compositions

^[326]

Testament of Naphtali

4Q215

Hebrew

Herodian

^[327][328]

Pesher on Canticles/Song of Songs

4Q240

Song of Songs

Hebrew

Herodian

Included in Milik's original list, but this fragment has never been located

^[329]

Aramaic Apocalypse or The Son of God Text

4Q246

Aramaic

Herodian

^[330]

Commentary/Pesher on Genesis

4Q252

Genesis 6:3; 7:10–8:18; 9:24–27; 11:31; 15:9, 17, 17:20?; 18:31–32 (with Deuteronomy 13:16, 17; 20:11, 14); 22:10–12; 28:3–4; 36:12; 49:3–4, 10 (with Jeremiah 33:17), 20–21

Hebrew

Herodian

Fragments/ commentary of Genesis.

^[331][332]

4Q253

Genesis

Hebrew

Herodian

^[331][333]

4Q254

Genesis 9:24–25; 22:5?, 17?

Hebrew

Herodian

^[331][334]

4Q254^a–820

Genesis 6:15

Hebrew

Herodian

^[331][335]

Serekh ha-YahadorCommunity Rule

4Q258

Hebrew

Herodian

cf. 1QS^d

^[336]

The Damascus Document

4Q265–273

Hebrew

Hasmonean

cf. 4QD^a/g = 4Q266/272, 4QD^a/e = 4Q266/270, 5Q12, 6Q15, 4Q265–73

^[89]

Rule of War

4Q285

Hebrew

Herodian

cf. 11Q14

^[337]

The Book of Mysteries
The Book of Secrets

4Q299

Hebrew

Herodian

^[338]

4Q300

Hebrew

Herodian

^[339]

The Book of Mysteries
The Book of Secrets

4Q301

Hebrew

Herodian

^[340]

Reworked Pentateuch

4Q364

Genesis 25:18–21; 26:7–8; 27:39; 28:6; 29:32–33; 30:8–14,26–36; 31:47–53; 32:18–20,26–30; 34:2; 35:28; 37:7–8; 38:14–21; 44:30–34; 45:1,21–27; 48:14–15; Exodus 21:14–22; 19:17; 24:12–14,18; 25:1–2; 26:1,33–35; Numbers 14:16–20; 33:31–49; 20:17–18; Deuteronomy 2:8–14, 30–37; 3:2,18–23; 9:6–7,12–18, 21–25,27–29; 10:1–4, 6–7, 10–13,22; 11:1–2,6–9,23–24; 14:24–26

Hebrew

Late Hasmonean or Herodian

Reworked Pentateuch

^{[46][302][341][342]}

4Q365

Exodus 8:13–19; 9:9–12; 10:19–20; 14:10,12–21; 15:6-[21],22–26; 17:3–5; 18:13–16; 26:34–36; 28:16–20; 29:20–22; 30:27–38; 31:1–2; 35:[2]–5; 36:32–38; 37:29; 38:1–7; 39:1–19; Leviticus 11:1[3],17-[25],32-[33],[39]-[46]; 13:6–8,15-[19],51–52; 16:6–7; 18:[25]-[29]; 23:42–44; 24:1–2; 25:7–9; 26:17–32; 27:34; Numbers 1:1–5; 3:26–30; 4:47–49; 7:1,78–80; 8:11–12; 9:15–23; 10:1-[4]; 13:[11]–25,[28]–30; 15:26-[29]; 17:20–24; 27:11; 36:1–2; Deuteronomy 2:24; 19:20–21; 20:1

Hebrew

Late Hasmonean/ Early Herodian

^{[46][302][343][344]}

4Q366

Exodus 21;35–37; 22:1–5; Leviticus 24:20–22; 25:39–43; Numbers 29:14-[25], 32–39; 30:1; Deuteronomy 16:13–14; 14:[13]–21

Hebrew

Herodian

^{[46][302][343][345]}

4Q367

Leviticus 11:47; 12:1–8; 13:1; 15:14–15; 19:1–4,9–15; 20:13; 27:30–34

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^{[302][343][346]}

ApocryphonofJoshua

4Q378

Hebrew

Herodian

Texts drawing on the content of Joshua, Exodus and Numbers.

^[347]

4Q379

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[348]

Pseudo-Ezekiel

4Q385
4Q385b
4Q385c
4Q386
4Q388
4Q391

Hebrew

Herodian

^[349]

Miqsat Ma'ase Ha-TorahorSome Precepts of the Law or the Halakhic Letter

4Q394–399

Hebrew

Herodian

^[350]

Songs of Sabbath Sacrifice or the Angelic Liturgy

4Q400–407

Hebrew

Hasmonean

cf. 11Q5–6

^[351]

Sapiential Work A

4Q415–418

Hebrew

Herodian

^[89]

Paraphrase of Genesis and Exodus

Hebrew

Barkhi Nafshi – Apocryphal Psalms

4Q434

Hebrew

Herodian

15 fragments: likely hymns of thanksgiving praising God for his power and expressing thanks

^[352]

Hymn to King Jonathan or The Prayer For King Jonathan Scroll

4Q448

Psalms 154

Hebrew

Hasmonean

In addition to parts of Psalms 154 it contains a prayer mentioning "King Jonathan".

^[89]

pap-Genesis or pap-Jubilees

4Q483

Genesis 1:28–29, or Book of Jubilees

Hebrew

Herodian

^[353]

Songs of the Sage
or Songs of the Maskil

4Q510–511

Hebrew

Herodian

^[89]

Messianic Apocalypse

4Q521

Hebrew

Hasmonean

Made up of two fragments

^[354]

4Q523

Hebrew

Hasmonean

MeKleine Fragmente, z.T. gesetzlichen Inhalts; Fragment is legal in content. PAM number, 41.944

^[355][356]

Temple Scroll

4Q524

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[89][357]

4Q525

Sirach 25:10;^[358] Matthew 5:3 –12 (Beatitudes)

Hebrew

Herodian

^[89]

Testament of Joseph

4Q539

Aramaic

Hasmonean

^[359]

Testament of Levi^d

4Q541

Aramaic

Hasmonean

Aramaic frag. also called "4QApocryphon of Levi^b ar"

^[360]

Testament of Qahat

4Q542

Aramaic

Hasmonean

^[361]

New Jerusalem

4Q555

Aramaic

Herodian

cf. 1Q32, 2Q24, 5Q15, 11Q18

^[362]

Genesis

4Q576

Genesis 34:7–10; 50:3

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[89]

Hebrew

Nine unopened fragments recently rediscovered in storage

^[363]

Qumran Cave 5[edit]

English Bible Association

Language

Date/script

Description

Reference

Deuteronomy

5Q1

Deuteronomy 7:15–24; 8:5–9:2

Hebrew

Early Hellenistic

^{[46][364][365]}

Kings

5Q2

1 Kings 1:1,16–17,27–37

Hebrew

Hasmonean

^[366][367]

Isaiah

5Q3

Isaiah 40:16,18–19

Hebrew

Herodian

^[366][368]

Amos

5Q4

Amos 1:2–5

Hebrew

^[366]

Psalms

5Q5

Psalm 119:99–101,104,113–20,138–42

Hebrew

Herodian

^[366][369]

Lamentations

5Q6

Lamentations 4:5–8,11–16,19–22; 5:1–13,16–17

Hebrew

Herodian

^[366][370]

5Q7

Lamentations 4:17–20

Hebrew

Herodian

^[366][371]

Phylactery

5Q8

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Phylactery in its unopened case

^[366][372]

Toponyms

5Q9

Hebrew

Herodian

Seven fragments with names of places

^[366][373]

Apocryphon of Malachi

5Q10

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Apocryphon of Malachi

^[366][374]

Rule of Community (Serek ha-Yahad)

5Q11

Hebrew

Herodian

^[366][375]

Damascus Document

5Q12

Hebrew

Herodian

Damascus Document

^[366][376]

Rule of Community

5Q13

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Fragments related to 1QS

^[377][378]

Curses

5Q14

Hebrew

Herodian

Liturgical compositions with curses

^[377][379]

New Jerusalem Scroll

5Q15

Aramaic

Hellenistic-Roman

Description of the New Jerusalem

^[377][380]

Unidentified

5Q16–5Q24

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Unidentified fragments

^[377]

Unclassified

5Q25

Hebrew

Hellenistic-Roman

Unclassified fragments

^[377][381]

Qumran Cave 6[edit]