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( R e d i r e c t e d f r o m L i s t o f l a n d f o r m s )
Links to Wikipedia articles on landforms
Landforms are categorized by characteristic physical attributes such as their creating process, shape, elevation, slope, orientation, rock exposure, and soil type.
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Landforms organized by the processes that create them.
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Aeolian landform – Landforms produced by action of the winds include:
Dry lake – Area that contained a standing surface water body
Sandhill – Type of ecological community or xeric wildfire-maintained ecosystem
Ventifact – Rock that has been eroded by wind-driven sand or ice crystals
Yardang – Streamlined aeolian landform
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Coastal and oceanic landforms include:
Abyssal fan – Underwater geological structures associated with large-scale sediment deposition
Abyssal plain – Flat area on the deep ocean floor
Archipelago – Collection of islands
Atoll – Ring-shaped coral reef
Arch – Arch-shaped natural rock formation
Ayre – Shingle beaches in Orkney and Shetland
Barrier bar – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surfacePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Barrier island – Coastal dune landform that forms by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast
Bay – Recessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lake
Baymouth bar – low and narrow strip of alluvial land made from sand or pebblesPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Beach – Area of loose particles at the edge of the sea or other body of water
Raised beach – Emergent coastal landform
Beach cusps – Shoreline formations made up of various grades of sediment in an arc pattern
Beach ridge – Wave-swept or wave-deposited ridge running parallel to a shoreline
Bight – Shallowly concave bend or curve in a coastline, river, or other geographical feature
Blowhole – Hole at the top of a sea-cave which allows waves to force water or spray out of the hole
Channel – Narrow body of water
Cape – Large headland extending into a body of water, usually the sea
Calanque – Narrow, steep-walled inlet on the Mediterranean coast
Cliff – Tall, near vertical rock face
Coast – Area where land meets the sea or ocean
Continental shelf – Coastal and oceanic landform
Coral reef – Outcrop of rock in the sea formed by the growth and deposit of stony coral skeletons
Cove – Small sheltered bay or coastal inlet
Cuspate foreland – Geographical features found on coastlines and lakeshores
Dune system – Hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes or the flow of water
Estuary – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water
Firth – Scottish word used for various coastal inlets and straits
Fjard – Glacially formed, broad, shallow inlet
Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity
Geo – Inlet, a gully or a narrow and deep cleft in the face of a cliff
Gulf – Large inlet from the ocean into the landmass
Headland – Landform extending into a body of water, often with significant height and drop
Inlet – Indentation of a shoreline
Island – Piece of subcontinental land completely surrounded by water
Islet – Very small island
Isthmus – Narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas
Lagoon – Shallow body of water separated from a larger one by a narrow landform
Machair – Fertile low-lying grassy plain
Marine terrace – Emergent coastal landform
Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
Oceanic basin – Geologic basin under the sea
Oceanic plateau – Relatively flat submarine region that rises well above the level of the ambient seabed
Oceanic ridge – An underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
Oceanic trench – Long and narrow depressions of the sea floor
Peninsula – Landform surrounded more than half but not entirely by water
Ria – Coastal inlet formed by the partial submergence of an unglaciated river valley
River delta – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river
Salt marsh – Coastal ecosystem between land and open saltwater that is regularly flooded
Sea cave – Cave formed by the wave action of the sea and located along present or former coastlines
Seamount – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface
Seamount chains – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surfacePages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Shoal – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
Shore – Area where land meets the sea or oceanPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Sound – A long, relatively wide body of water, connecting two larger bodies of water
Spit – Coastal bar or beach landform deposited by longshore drift
Strait – Naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water
Strandflat – Type of landform found in high-latitude areas
Stack – Geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock, and stump
Submarine canyon – Steep-sided valley cut into the seabed of the continental slope
Surge channel – Type of coastal landform
Tessellated pavement – Relatively flat rock surface that is subdivided into more or less regular shapes by fractures
Tidal marsh – Marsh subject to tidal change in water
Tide pool – Rocky pool on a seashore, separated from the sea at low tide, filled with seawater
Tombolo – Deposition landform in which an island is connected to the mainland by a sandy isthmus
Volcanic arc – Chain of volcanoes formed above a subducting plate
Wave-cut platform – Narrow flat area created by erosion
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Blockfield – a surface covered by angular rocks, a landform result of periglaciationPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Cryoplanation terrace – Formation of plains, terraces and pediments in periglacial environments
Earth hummocks – Small knoll or mound above groundPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Kurum – Mantle of loose rocks moving by creeping on gentle slopes.
Lithalsa – Frost-induced raised land form in permafrost areas
Nivation hollow – Geomorphic processes associated with snow patches
Palsa – A low, often oval, frost heave occurring in polar and subpolar climates
Permafrost plateau – A low, often oval, frost heave occurring in polar and subpolar climates
Pingo – Mound of earth-covered ice
Rock glacier – Glacial landform
Solifluction lobes and sheets – Freeze-thaw mass wasting slope processesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Thermokarst – Irregular land surface of marshy hollows and small hummocks formed when permafrost thaws
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Landforms produced by erosion and weathering usually occur in rocky or fluvial environments, and many also appear under those headings.
Arête – Narrow ridge of rock which separates two valleys
Badlands – Type of heavily eroded terrain
Bornhardt – A large dome-shaped, steep-sided, bald rock
Butte – Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top
Canyon – Deep chasm between cliffs
Cave – Natural underground space large enough for a human to enter
Cirque – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion
Cliff – Tall, near vertical rock face
Chink , regional term in Central Asia for steep chalk and limestone escarpments and cliffs of height up to 350m, often around flat-top elevations
Cryoplanation terrace – Formation of plains, terraces and pediments in periglacial environments
Cuesta – Hill or ridge with a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other
Dissected plateau – Plateaus area that has been severely eroded so that the relief is sharp
Erg – Broad area of desert covered with wind-swept sand
Etchplain – Plain where the bedrock has been subject to considerable subsurface weathering
Exhumed river channel – Ridge of sandstone that remains when the softer flood plain mudstone is eroded away
Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity
Flared slope – Rock-wall with a smooth transition into a concavity at the foot zone
Flatiron – Steeply sloping triangular landform
Gulch – Deep V-shaped valley formed by erosion
Gully – Landform created by running water and/or mass movement eroding sharply into soil
Hogback – Long, narrow ridge
Hoodoo – Tall, thin spire of relatively soft rock usually topped by harder rock
Homoclinal ridge – Ridge with a moderate sloping backslope and steeper frontslope
Inselberg , also known as Monadnock – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
Inverted relief – Landscape features that have reversed their elevation relative to other features
Lavaka – Type of gully, formed via groundwater sapping
Limestone pavement – Natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone
Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides, usually much wider than buttes
Mushroom rock – Naturally occurring rock whose shape resembles a mushroom
Natural arch – Arch-shaped natural rock formation
Paleoplain - A buried erosion plain; a particularly large and flat erosion surface
Pediment – Very gently sloping inclined bedrock surface
Pediplain – Extensive plain formed by the coalescence of pediments
Peneplain – Low-relief plain formed by protracted erosion
Planation surface – Large-scale surface that is almost flat
Potrero – Long mesa that at one end slopes upward to higher terrain
Ridge – Long, narrow, elevated landform
Rôche moutonnée – Rock formation created by the passing of a glacierPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
List of rock formations
Strike ridge – Ridge with a moderate sloping backslope and steeper frontslope
Structural bench – Long, relatively narrow land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below
Structural terrace – A step-like landform
Tepui – Table-top mountain or mesa in the Guiana Highlands of South America
Tessellated pavement – Relatively flat rock surface that is subdivided into more or less regular shapes by fractures
Truncated spur – Ridge that descends towards a valley floor or coastline that is cut short
Tor – Large, free-standing rock outcrop on a gentle hill summit
Valley – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
Wave-cut platform – Narrow flat area created by erosion
Wind gap – Topographic gap made by a former waterway
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Fluvial – Sediment processes associated with rivers and streamsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets landforms include:
Ait – Islands found on the River Thames and its tributaries in England
Alluvial fan – Fan-shaped deposit of sediment
Anabranch – A section of a river or stream that diverts from the main channel and rejoins it downstream.
Arroyo – Dry watercourse with flow after rainPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Asymmetric valley – Valley that has steeper slopes on one side
Backswamp – Environment on a floodplain where deposits settle after a flood
Bajada – compound Alluvial fanPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Bar – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
Bayou – Body of water in flat, low-lying areas
Bench – Long, relatively narrow land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below
Braided channel – Network of river channels
Canyon – Deep chasm between cliffs
Cave – Natural underground space large enough for a human to enter
Cliff – Tall, near vertical rock face
Cut bank – Outside bank of a water channel, which is continually undergoing erosion
Crevasse splay – Sediment deposited on a floodplain by a stream which breaks its levees
Confluence – Meeting of two or more bodies of flowing water
Drainage basin – Land area where water converges to a common outlet
Drainage divide – Elevated terrain that separates neighbouring drainage basins
Endorheic basin – Closed drainage basin that has no outflow
Entrenched meander – One of a series of curves in a channel of a matured streamPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Epigenetic valley – Valley created by erosion and with little or no sympathy for bedrock structure
Esker – Long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel associated with former glaciers
Exhumed river channel – Ridge of sandstone that remains when the softer flood plain mudstone is eroded away
Floodplain – Land adjacent to a river which is flooded during periods of high discharge
Fluvial island – Exposed landmass within a river
Fluvial terrace – Elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and river valleys
Gorge – Deep chasm between cliffs
Gully – Landform created by running water and/or mass movement eroding sharply into soil
Levee – Ridge or wall to hold back water
Marsh – Low-lying and seasonally waterlogged land
Meander – One of a series of curves in a channel of a matured stream
Misfit stream – River too large or too small to have eroded the valley or cave passage in which it flows
Narrows – Restricted land or water passage
Oxbow lake – U-shaped lake or pool
Point bar – Landform related to streams and rivers
Plunge pool – Depression at the base of a waterfall
Pothole – Natural bowl-shaped hollow carved into a streambed
Rapids – River section with increased velocity and turbulence
Riffle – Shallow landform in a flowing channel
River – Natural flowing watercourse
River delta – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river
River island – Exposed landmass within a river
Rock-cut basin – Cylindrical depression cut into stream or river beds
Shut-in – Type of rock formation found in Ozarks streams
Thalweg – Line of lowest elevation in a watercourse or valley
Towhead – Exposed landmass within a river
Shoal – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
Spring – A point at which water emenges from an aquifer to the surface
Strath – Large valley
Stream – Body of surface water flowing down a channel
Stream pool – Deep and slow-moving stretch of a watercourse
Swamp – A forested wetland
Valley – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
Vale – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
Wadi – River valley, especially a dry riverbed that contains water only during times of heavy rain
Waterfall – A point in a river or stream where water flows over a vertical drop
Watershed – Land area where water converges to a common outlet
Yazoo stream – Hydrologic term
V-shaped valley – Low area between hills, often with a river running through itPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Landforms created by extraterrestrial impacts – Collision of two astronomical objects – include:
Central peak – Large impact craters with uplifted centresPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Complex crater – Large impact craters with uplifted centres
Cratered landscape
Ejecta blanket – Symmetrical apron of ejecta that surrounds an impact crater
Impact crater – Circular depression in a solid astronomical body formed by the impact of a smaller object
Impact crater lake – Lake formed within an impact crater
Simple crater – Circular depression in a solid astronomical body formed by the impact of a smaller objectPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Lacustrine – associated with lakes – landforms include:
Beach – Area of loose particles at the edge of the sea or other body of water
Raised beach – Emergent coastal landform
Carolina bay – Elliptical depressions concentrated along the Atlantic seaboard of North AmericaPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Dry lake – Area that contained a standing surface water body
Chott – dry lake in the Saharan area of AfricaPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Endorheic basin – Closed drainage basin that has no outflow
Lacustrine plain – Lakes filled by sediment
Lacustrine terraces – A step-like landform
Lake – Large body of relatively still water
Oasis – Fertile area in a desert environment
Oxbow lake – U-shaped lake or pool
Parallel Roads of Glen Roy – Nature reserve in the Highlands of Scotland with ancient shoreline terraces
Pond – Relatively small body of standing water
Proglacial lake – Lake formed by the action of ice
Salt pan , also known as salt flat – Flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals
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Mountain and glacial landform – Landform created by the action of glaciers – include:
Arête – Narrow ridge of rock which separates two valleys formed by glacial movement
Cirque – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion
Col – Lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks
Crevasse – A deep crack, or fracture, in an ice sheet or glacier
Corrie – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion or cwm
Cove (mountain) – Small valley in the Appalachian Mountains between two ridge lines
Dirt cone – Depositional glacial feature of ice or snow with an insulating layer of dirt
Drumlin – Elongated hill formed by glacial action and drumlin field – Elongated hill formed by glacial actionPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Esker – Long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel associated with former glaciers
Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity
Fluvial terrace – Elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and river valleys
Flyggberg – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
Glacier – Persistent body of ice that is moving downhill under its own weight
Glacier cave – Cave formed within the ice of a glacier
Glacier foreland – The region between the current leading edge of the glacier and the moraines of latest maximum
Hanging valley – A tributary valley that meets the main valley above the valley floor
Highland – Area of high elevation such as a mountainous region or elevated mountainous plateau
Hill – Landform that extends above the surrounding terrain
Inselberg , also known as monadnock – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
Kame – Mound formed on a retreating glacier and deposited on land
Kame delta – Glacial melt water landform
Kettle – Depression or hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters
Moraine – Glacially formed accumulation of debris
Rogen moraine , also known as Ribbed moraines – Landform of ridges deposited by a glacier or ice sheet transverse to ice flow
Moulin – Shaft within a glacier or ice sheet which water enters from the surface
Mountain – Large natural elevation of the Earth's surface
Mountain pass – Route through a mountain range or over a ridge
Mountain range – Geographic area containing several geologically related mountains
Nunatak – Landform within an ice field or glacier
Proglacial lake – Lake formed by the action of ice
Pyramidal peak , also known as Glacial horn – Angular, sharply pointed mountainous peak
Outwash fan – Type of sediment deposition by a melting glacier
Outwash plain – Plain formed from glacier sediment transported by meltwater
Rift valley – Linear lowland created by a tectonic rift or fault
Rôche moutonnée – Rock formation created by the passing of a glacierPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Sandur – Plain formed from glacier sediment transported by meltwater
Side valley – Valley with a tributary to a larger river
Summit – Point on a surface with a higher elevation than all immediately adjacent points
Trim line – Clear line on the side of a valley marking the most recent highest extent of the glacier
Truncated spur – Ridge that descends towards a valley floor or coastline that is cut short
Tunnel valley – Glacial-formed geographic feature
Valley – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
U-shaped valley – Valleys formed by glacial scouring
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Slope landforms include:
Bluff – Tall, near vertical rock face
Butte – Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top
Canyon – Deep chasm between cliffs
Cliff – Tall, near vertical rock face
Col – Lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks
Cuesta – Hill or ridge with a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other
Dale – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
Defile – Narrow pass or gorge between mountains or hills
Dell – Small secluded hollow
Doab , also known as Interfluve – Land between two converging, or confluent, rivers, mainly in the Punjab
Draw – Terrain feature formed by two parallel ridges or spurs with low ground in between
Escarpment , also known as scarp – Steep slope or cliff separating two relatively level regions
Flat (landform) – Relatively level surface of land within a region of greater relief
Glen – Name for valley commonly used in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man
Gully – Landform created by running water and/or mass movement eroding sharply into soil
Hill – Landform that extends above the surrounding terrain
Hillock , also known as Knoll – Small hill
Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides, usually much wider than buttes
Mountain pass – Route through a mountain range or over a ridge
Plain – Expanse of land that is mostly flat and treeless
Plateau – Highland area, usually of relatively flat terrain
Ravine – Small valley, often due to stream erosion
Ridge – Long, narrow, elevated landform
Rock shelter – Shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff
Saddle – Land connecting two high points
Scree – Broken rock fragments at base of cliff
Solifluction lobes and sheets – Freeze-thaw mass wasting slope processesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Strath – Large valley
Summit – Point on a surface with a higher elevation than all immediately adjacent points
Terrace – A step-like landform
Terracette – Small natural step-arranged soil ridges on hillsides
Vale – Low area between hills, often with a river running through itPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Valley – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
Valley shoulder – Low area between hills, often with a river running through itPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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Landforms created by tectonic activity include:
Dome – Geological deformation structure
Faceted spur – Ridge that descends towards a valley floor or coastline that is cut short
Fault scarp – Small vertical offset on the ground surface
Graben – Depressed block of planetary crust bordered by parallel normal faults
Horst – Raised fault block bounded by normal faults
Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
Mud volcano – Landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases
Oceanic trench – Long and narrow depressions of the sea floor
Pull-apart basin – Type of basin in geology
Rift valley – Linear lowland created by a tectonic rift or fault
Sand boil – Cone formed by the ejection of sand on a surface from a central point
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Volcanic landforms include:
Caldera – Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber
Cinder cone – Steep hill of pyroclastic fragments around a volcanic vent
Complex volcano – Landform of more than one related volcanic centre
Cryptodome – Roughly circular protrusion from slowly extruded viscous volcanic lava
Cryovolcano – Type of volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia or methane, instead of molten rock
Diatreme – Volcanic pipe associated with a gaseous explosion
Dike – A sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body
Fissure vent – Linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts
Geyser – Natural explosive eruption of hot water
Guyot – Isolated, flat-topped underwater volcano mountain
Hornito – Conical structures built up by lava ejected through an opening in the crust of a lava flow
Kīpuka – Area of land surrounded by one or more younger lava flows
Lava – Molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption
Lava dome – Roughly circular protrusion from slowly extruded viscous volcanic lava
Lava coulee – Roughly circular protrusion from slowly extruded viscous volcanic lava
Lava field , also known as lava plain – Large, mostly flat area of lava flows
Lava lake – Molten lava contained in a volcanic crater
Lava spine – Vertical growth of solid volcanic lava
Lava tube – Natural conduit through which lava flows beneath the solid surface
Maar – Low-relief volcanic crater
Malpais – Rough and barren landscape of relict and largely uneroded lava fields
Mamelon – Rock formation created by eruption of relatively thick or stiff lava through a narrow vent
Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
Pit crater – Depression formed by a sinking or collapse of the surface lying above a void or empty chamber
Pyroclastic shield – Shield volcano formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruptions
Resurgent dome – Volcanic landform
Rootless cone , also known as pseudocrater – Volcanic landform
Seamount – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface
Shield volcano – Low-profile volcano usually formed almost entirely of fluid lava flows
Stratovolcano – Type of conical volcano composed of layers of lava and tephra
Somma volcano – Volcanic caldera that has been partially filled by a new central cone
Spatter cone – Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape
Volcanic crater lake – Lake formed within a volcanic crater
Subglacial mound – Volcano formed when lava erupts beneath a thick glacier or ice sheet
Submarine volcano – Underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt
Supervolcano – Volcano that has erupted 1000 cubic km of lava in a single eruption
Tuff cone – Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape
Tuya – Flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet
Volcanic vent – Rupture in a planet's crust where material escapesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Volcanic cone – Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape
Volcanic crater – Roughly circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity
Volcanic dam – Natural dam produced directly or indirectly by volcanism
Volcanic field – Area of Earth's crust prone to localized volcanic activity
Volcanic group – Collection of related volcanoes or volcanic landforms
Volcanic island – Island of volcanic origin
Volcanic plateau – Plateau produced by volcanic activity
Volcanic plug – Volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano
Volcano – Rupture in a planet's crust where material escapes
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Weathering landforms include:
Bornhardt – A large dome-shaped, steep-sided, bald rock
Etchplain – Plain where the bedrock has been subject to considerable subsurface weathering
Flared slope – Rock-wall with a smooth transition into a concavity at the foot zone
Flute – in geology, process of differential weathering and erosion that produces a corrugated surface of ridges or flutesPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Honeycomb weathering – Form of cavernous weathering and subcategory of tafoni
Inselberg – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
Karst – Topography from dissolved soluble rocks
Nubbin – Small hill of bedrock with rounded residual blocks
Panhole – Depression or basin eroded into flat or gently sloping cohesive rock (Weathering pit)
Tafoni – Small to large indentations in vertical to steeply sloping granular rock
Tor – Large, free-standing rock outcrop on a gentle hill summit
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Bornhardt – A large dome-shaped, steep-sided, bald rock
Cinder cone – Steep hill of pyroclastic fragments around a volcanic vent
Cryptodome – Roughly circular protrusion from slowly extruded viscous volcanic lavaPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Dome – Geological deformation structure
Drumlin – Elongated hill formed by glacial action
Granite dome – Rounded hills of bare granite formed by exfoliation
Hillock – Small hill
Inselberg – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
Lava dome – Roughly circular protrusion from slowly extruded viscous volcanic lava
Lava spine – Vertical growth of solid volcanic lava
Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides, usually much wider than buttes
Mogote – Steep-sided residual hill of limestone, marble, or dolomite on a flat plain
Nubbin – Small hill of bedrock with rounded residual blocks
Tor – Large, free-standing rock outcrop on a gentle hill summit
Tower karst
Tuya – Flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet
Palsa – A low, often oval, frost heave occurring in polar and subpolar climates
Pingo – Mound of earth-covered ice
Pyroclastic shield – Shield volcano formed mostly of pyroclastic and highly explosive eruptions
Resurgent dome – Volcanic landform
Seamount – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface
Shield volcano – Low-profile volcano usually formed almost entirely of fluid lava flows
Stratocone – Type of conical volcano composed of layers of lava and tephraPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Stratovolcano – Type of conical volcano composed of layers of lava and tephra
Volcanic cone – Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape
Volcanic island – Island of volcanic origin
Depressions
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Caldera – Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber
Cave – Natural underground space large enough for a human to enter
Cenote – Natural pit or sinkhole that exposes groundwater underneath
Cirque – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion
Crevasse – A deep crack, or fracture, in an ice sheet or glacier
Deflation hollow – Depressions in a sand dune ecosystem caused by the removal of sediments by windPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Doline – Geologically-formed topological depression
Gnamma – Depression or basin eroded into flat or gently sloping cohesive rockPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Graben – Depressed block of planetary crust bordered by parallel normal faults
Honeycomb weathering – Form of cavernous weathering and subcategory of tafoni
Impact crater – Circular depression in a solid astronomical body formed by the impact of a smaller object
Joint valley – Landscape originates from the erosion of joints in the bedrock, leaving out small plateaus or ridges in between. Common in Fennoscandia.Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Kettle – Depression or hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters
Lagoon – Shallow body of water separated from a larger one by a narrow landform
Lake – Large body of relatively still water
Lava lake – Molten lava contained in a volcanic crater
Maar – Low-relief volcanic crater
Nivation hollow – Geomorphic processes associated with snow patches
Oxbow lake – U-shaped lake or pool
Panhole – Depression or basin eroded into flat or gently sloping cohesive rock
Pothole – Natural bowl-shaped hollow carved into a streambed
Plunge pool – Depression at the base of a waterfall
Pond – Relatively small body of standing water
Pull-apart basin – Type of basin in geology
Quarry – A place from which a geological material has been excavated from the ground
Rift – Part of a volcano where a set of linear cracks form
Sea cave – Cave formed by the wave action of the sea and located along present or former coastlines
Sinkhole – Geologically-formed topological depression
Sor – closed, drainless depressionPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Tafoni – Small to large indentations in vertical to steeply sloping granular rock
Thermokarst – Irregular land surface of marshy hollows and small hummocks formed when permafrost thaws
Volcanic crater – Roughly circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity
Volcanic dam – Natural dam produced directly or indirectly by volcanism
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Abyssal fan – Underwater geological structures associated with large-scale sediment deposition
Abyssal plain – Flat area on the deep ocean floor
Bench – Long, relatively narrow land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below
Butte – Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top
Continental shelf – Coastal and oceanic landform
Cryoplanation terrace – Formation of plains, terraces and pediments in periglacial environments
Dissected plateau – Plateaus area that has been severely eroded so that the relief is sharp
Etchplain – Plain where the bedrock has been subject to considerable subsurface weathering
Floodplain – Land adjacent to a river which is flooded during periods of high discharge
Fluvial terrace – Elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and river valleys
Inselberg plain – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
Lacustrine terrace – A step-like landform
Lava field , also known as lava plain – Large, mostly flat area of lava flows
Oceanic basin – Geologic basin under the sea
Oceanic plateau – Relatively flat submarine region that rises well above the level of the ambient seabed
Outwash fan – Type of sediment deposition by a melting glacier
Outwash plain – Plain formed from glacier sediment transported by meltwater
Paleoplain - A buried erosion plain; a particularly large and flat erosion surface
Pediplain – Extensive plain formed by the coalescence of pediments
Peneplain – Low-relief plain formed by protracted erosion
Plain – Expanse of land that is mostly flat and treeless
Planation surface – Large-scale surface that is almost flat
Plateau – Highland area, usually of relatively flat terrain
Polje – Type of large plain found in karst regions
Raised beach , also known as Marine terrace – Emergent coastal landform
River delta – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river
Salt marsh – Coastal ecosystem between land and open saltwater that is regularly flooded
Salt pan – Flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals
Sandur – Plain formed from glacier sediment transported by meltwater
Strandflat – Type of landform found in high-latitude areas
Strath – Large valley
Swamp – A forested wetland
Table – Raised landform with a flat topPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Tidal marsh – Marsh subject to tidal change in water
Tepui – Table-top mountain or mesa in the Guiana Highlands of South America
Volcanic plateau – Plateau produced by volcanic activity
Wave-cut platform – Narrow flat area created by erosion
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Abîme – Geographical term referring to vertical shaft in caves
Abyssal fan – Underwater geological structures associated with large-scale sediment deposition
Abyssal plain – Flat area on the deep ocean floor
Ait – Islands found on the River Thames and its tributaries in England
Alluvial fan – Fan-shaped deposit of sediment
Anabranch – A section of a river or stream that diverts from the main channel and rejoins it downstream.
Arch – Arch-shaped natural rock formation
Archipelago – Collection of islands
Arête – Narrow ridge of rock which separates two valleys
Arroyo – Dry watercourse with flow after rainPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Atoll – Ring-shaped coral reef
Ayre – Shingle beaches in Orkney and Shetland
Badlands – Type of heavily eroded terrain
Bajada – compound Alluvial fanPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Bar – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
Barchan – Crescent-shaped dune
Barrier bar – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
Barrier island – Coastal dune landform that forms by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast
Bay – Recessed, coastal body of water connected to an ocean or lake
Baymouth bar – low and narrow strip of alluvial land made from sand or pebblesPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Bayou – Body of water in flat, low-lying areas
Beach – Area of loose particles at the edge of the sea or other body of water
Beach cusps – Shoreline formations made up of various grades of sediment in an arc pattern
Beach ridge – Wave-swept or wave-deposited ridge running parallel to a shoreline
Bench – Long, relatively narrow land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below
Bight – Shallowly concave bend or curve in a coastline, river, or other geographical feature
Blowhole – Hole at the top of a sea-cave which allows waves to force water or spray out of the hole
Blowout – Depressions in a sand dune ecosystem caused by the removal of sediments by wind
Bluff – Tall, near vertical rock face
Bornhardt – A large dome-shaped, steep-sided, bald rock
Braided channel – Network of river channels
Butte – Isolated hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top
Calanque – Narrow, steep-walled inlet on the Mediterranean coast
Caldera – Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber
Canyon – Deep chasm between cliffs
Cape – Large headland extending into a body of water, usually the sea
Carolina bay – Elliptical depressions concentrated along the Atlantic seaboard of North AmericaPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Cave – Natural underground space large enough for a human to enter
Cenote – Natural pit or sinkhole that exposes groundwater underneath
Channel – Narrow body of water
Cirque – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion
Corrie – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion or cwm
Cliff – Tall, near vertical rock face
Coast – Area where land meets the sea or ocean
Col – Lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks
Complex crater – Large impact craters with uplifted centres
Complex volcano – Landform of more than one related volcanic centre
Confluence – Meeting of two or more bodies of flowing water
Continental shelf – Coastal and oceanic landform
Coral reef – Outcrop of rock in the sea formed by the growth and deposit of stony coral skeletons
Cove – Small sheltered bay or coastal inlet
Cove (mountain) – Small valley in the Appalachian Mountains between two ridge lines
Crevasse splay – Sediment deposited on a floodplain by a stream which breaks its levees
Crevasse – A deep crack, or fracture, in an ice sheet or glacier
Cryovolcano – Type of volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia or methane, instead of molten rock
Cuesta – Hill or ridge with a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other
Cuspate foreland – Geographical features found on coastlines and lakeshores
Cut bank – Outside bank of a water channel, which is continually undergoing erosion
Dale – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
Defile – Narrow pass or gorge between mountains or hills
Dell – Small secluded hollow
Delta, River – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river
Desert pavement – Type of desert earth surface
Diatreme – Volcanic pipe associated with a gaseous explosion
Dike – A sheet of rock that is formed in a fracture of a pre-existing rock body
Dirt cone – Depositional glacial feature of ice or snow with an insulating layer of dirt
Dissected plateau – Plateaus area that has been severely eroded so that the relief is sharp
Doab – Land between two converging, or confluent, rivers, mainly in the Punjab
Doline – Geologically-formed topological depression
Dome – Geological deformation structure
Drainage basin – Land area where water converges to a common outlet
Drainage divide – Elevated terrain that separates neighbouring drainage basins
Draw – Terrain feature formed by two parallel ridges or spurs with low ground in between
Drumlin – Elongated hill formed by glacial action
Dry lake – Area that contained a standing surface water body
Dune – Hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes or the flow of water
Dune system – Hill of loose sand built by aeolian processes or the flow of water
Ejecta blanket – Symmetrical apron of ejecta that surrounds an impact crater
Endorheic basin – Closed drainage basin that has no outflow
Erg – Broad area of desert covered with wind-swept sand
Escarpment – Steep slope or cliff separating two relatively level regions (scarp)
Esker – Long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel associated with former glaciers
Estuary – Partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water
Exhumed river channel – Ridge of sandstone that remains when the softer flood plain mudstone is eroded away
Faceted spur – Ridge that descends towards a valley floor or coastline that is cut short
Fault scarp – Small vertical offset on the ground surface
Firth – Scottish word used for various coastal inlets and straits
Fissure vent – Linear volcanic vent through which lava erupts
Fjard – Glacially formed, broad, shallow inlet
Fjord – Long, narrow inlet with steep sides or cliffs, created by glacial activity
Flat – Relatively level surface of land within a region of greater relief
Flatiron – Steeply sloping triangular landform
Floodplain – Land adjacent to a river which is flooded during periods of high discharge
Foothills – Hills before a mountain range
Fluvial island – Exposed landmass within a river
Fluvial terrace – Elongated terraces that flank the sides of floodplains and river valleys
Foiba – Type of deep natural sinkhole
Geo – Inlet, a gully or a narrow and deep cleft in the face of a cliff
Geyser – Natural explosive eruption of hot water
Glacial horn – Angular, sharply pointed mountainous peak
Glacier cave – Cave formed within the ice of a glacier
Glacier foreland – The region between the current leading edge of the glacier and the moraines of latest maximum
Glacier – Persistent body of ice that is moving downhill under its own weight
Parallel Roads of Glen Roy – Nature reserve in the Highlands of Scotland with ancient shoreline terraces
Glen – Name for valley commonly used in Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man
Gorge – Deep chasm between cliffs
Graben – Depressed block of planetary crust bordered by parallel normal faults
Gulch – Deep V-shaped valley formed by erosion
Gulf
Gully – Landform created by running water and/or mass movement eroding sharply into soil
Guyot – Isolated, flat-topped underwater volcano mountain
Hanging valley – A tributary valley that meets the main valley above the valley floor
Headland – Landform extending into a body of water, often with significant height and drop
Highland – Area of high elevation such as a mountainous region or elevated mountainous plateau
Hill – Landform that extends above the surrounding terrain
Hillock – Small hill
Hogback – Long, narrow ridge
Homoclinal ridge – Ridge with a moderate sloping backslope and steeper frontslope
Hoodoo – Tall, thin spire of relatively soft rock usually topped by harder rock
Horst – Raised fault block bounded by normal faults
Impact crater – Circular depression in a solid astronomical body formed by the impact of a smaller object
Inlet – Indentation of a shoreline
Interfluve – Land between two converging, or confluent, rivers, mainly in the Punjab
Inverted relief – Landscape features that have reversed their elevation relative to other features
Island – Piece of subcontinental land completely surrounded by water
Islet – Very small island
Isthmus – Narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas
Kame delta – Glacial melt water landform
Kame – Mound formed on a retreating glacier and deposited on land
Karst – Topography from dissolved soluble rocks
Karst fenster – Unroofed portion of a cavern which reveals part of a subterranean riverPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Karst valley – Topography from dissolved soluble rocks
Kettle – Depression or hole in an outwash plain formed by retreating glaciers or draining floodwaters
Kīpuka – Area of land surrounded by one or more younger lava flows
Knoll – Small hill
Lacustrine plain – Lakes filled by sediment
Lagoon – Shallow body of water separated from a larger one by a narrow landform
Lake – Large body of relatively still water
Lava dome – Roughly circular protrusion from slowly extruded viscous volcanic lava
Lava – Molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption
Lava lake – Molten lava contained in a volcanic crater
Lava field , also known as lava plain – Large, mostly flat area of lava flows
Lava spine – Vertical growth of solid volcanic lava
Lava tube – Natural conduit through which lava flows beneath the solid surface
Lavaka – Type of gully, formed via groundwater sapping
Levee – Ridge or wall to hold back water, natural
Limestone pavement – Natural karst landform consisting of a flat, incised surface of exposed limestone
Loess – Sediment of accumulated wind-blown dust
Lacustrine terraces – A step-like landform
Maar – Low-relief volcanic crater
Machair – Fertile low-lying grassy plain
Malpaís – Rough and barren landscape of relict and largely uneroded lava fields
Mamelon – Rock formation created by eruption of relatively thick or stiff lava through a narrow vent
Marine terrace – Emergent coastal landform
Marsh – Low-lying and seasonally waterlogged land
Massif – The principal mass of a mountain
Meander – One of a series of curves in a channel of a matured stream
Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides, usually much wider than buttes
Mid-ocean ridge – Basaltic underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
Mogote – Steep-sided residual hill of limestone, marble, or dolomite on a flat plain
Monadnock – Isolated, steep rock hill on relatively flat terrain
Moraine – Glacially formed accumulation of debris
Moulin – Shaft within a glacier or ice sheet which water enters from the surface
Mountain – Large natural elevation of the Earth's surface
Mountain pass – Route through a mountain range or over a ridge
Mountain range – Geographic area containing several geologically related mountains
Mud volcano – Landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases
Mushroom rock – Naturally occurring rock whose shape resembles a mushroom
Natural arch – Arch-shaped natural rock formation
Nunatak – Landform within an ice field or glacier
Oasis – Fertile area in a desert environment
Oceanic basin – Geologic basin under the sea
Oceanic plateau – Relatively flat submarine region that rises well above the level of the ambient seabed
Oceanic ridge – An underwater mountain system formed by plate tectonic spreading
Oceanic trench – Long and narrow depressions of the sea floor
Outwash fan – Type of sediment deposition by a melting glacier
Outwash plain – Plain formed from glacier sediment transported by meltwater
Oxbow lake – U-shaped lake or pool
Paleoplain - A buried erosion plain; a particularly large and flat erosion surface
Panhole – Depression or basin eroded into flat or gently sloping cohesive rock
Pediment – Very gently sloping inclined bedrock surface
Pediplain – Extensive plain formed by the coalescence of pediments
Peneplain – Low-relief plain formed by protracted erosion
Peninsula – Landform surrounded more than half but not entirely by water
Pingo – Mound of earth-covered ice
Pit crater – Depression formed by a sinking or collapse of the surface lying above a void or empty chamber
Plain – Expanse of land that is mostly flat and treeless
Plateau – Highland area, usually of relatively flat terrain
Playa lake – Area that contained a standing surface water bodyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Plunge pool – Depression at the base of a waterfall
Point bar – Landform related to streams and rivers
Polje – Type of large plain found in karst regions
Pond – Relatively small body of standing water
Pothole – Natural bowl-shaped hollow carved into a streambed
Potrero – Long mesa that at one end slopes upward to higher terrain
Proglacial lake – Lake formed by the action of ice
Pseudocrater – Volcanic landformPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Pull-apart basin – Type of basin in geology
Quarry – A place from which a geological material has been excavated from the ground
Raised beach – Emergent coastal landform
Rapids – River section with increased velocity and turbulence
Ravine – Small valley, often due to stream erosion
Ria – Coastal inlet formed by the partial submergence of an unglaciated river valley
Ridge – Long, narrow, elevated landform
Riffle – Shallow landform in a flowing channel
Rift valley – Linear lowland created by a tectonic rift or fault
River – Natural flowing watercourse
River delta – Silt deposition landform at the mouth of a river
River island – Exposed landmass within a river
Rôche moutonnée – Rock formation created by the passing of a glacierPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Rogen moraine – Landform of ridges deposited by a glacier or ice sheet transverse to ice flow
Rock formations
Rock shelter – Shallow cave-like opening at the base of a bluff or cliff
Rock-cut basin – Cylindrical depression cut into stream or river beds
Saddle – Land connecting two high points
Salt marsh – Coastal ecosystem between land and open saltwater that is regularly flooded
Salt pan – Flat expanse of ground covered with salt and other minerals (salt flat)
Sand boil , also known as sand volcano – Cone formed by the ejection of sand on a surface from a central point
Sandhill – Type of ecological community or xeric wildfire-maintained ecosystem
Sandur – Plain formed from glacier sediment transported by meltwater
Scowle – Type of landscape feature
Scree – Broken rock fragments at base of cliff
Sea cave – Cave formed by the wave action of the sea and located along present or former coastlines
Seamount – Mountain rising from the ocean seafloor that does not reach to the water's surface
Shield volcano – Low-profile volcano usually formed almost entirely of fluid lava flows
Shoal – Natural submerged sandbank that rises from a body of water to near the surface
Shore – Area where land meets the sea or oceanPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Shut-in – Type of rock formation found in Ozarks streams
Side valley – Valley with a tributary to a larger river
Sinkhole – Geologically-formed topological depression
Sound – A long, relatively wide body of water, connecting two larger bodies of water
Spit – Coastal bar or beach landform deposited by longshore drift
Spring – A point at which water emenges from an aquifer to the surface
Stack – Geological landform consisting of a steep and often vertical column or columns of rock and stump
Strait – Naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water
Strandflat – Type of landform found in high-latitude areas
Strath – Large valley
Stratovolcano – Type of conical volcano composed of layers of lava and tephra
Stream pool – Deep and slow-moving stretch of a watercourse
Stream – Body of surface water flowing down a channel
Strike ridge – Ridge with a moderate sloping backslope and steeper frontslope
Structural bench – Long, relatively narrow land bounded by distinctly steeper slopes above and below
Structural terrace – A step-like landform
Subglacial mound – Volcano formed when lava erupts beneath a thick glacier or ice sheet
Submarine canyon – Steep-sided valley cut into the seabed of the continental slope
Submarine volcano – Underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt
Summit – Point on a surface with a higher elevation than all immediately adjacent points
Supervolcano – Volcano that has erupted 1000 cubic km of lava in a single eruption
Surge channel – Type of coastal landform
Swamp – A forested wetland
Tepui – Table-top mountain or mesa in the Guiana Highlands of South America
Terrace – A step-like landform
Terracette – Small natural step-arranged soil ridges on hillsides
Tessellated pavement – Relatively flat rock surface that is subdivided into more or less regular shapes by fractures
Thalweg – Line of lowest elevation in a watercourse or valley
Tidal marsh – Marsh subject to tidal change in water
Tide pool – Rocky pool on a seashore, separated from the sea at low tide, filled with seawater
Tombolo – Deposition landform in which an island is connected to the mainland by a sandy isthmus
Tor – Large, free-standing rock outcrop on a gentle hill summit
Tower karst – Topography from dissolved soluble rocks
Towhead – Exposed landmass within a river
Trim line – Clear line on the side of a valley marking the most recent highest extent of the glacier
Truncated spur – Ridge that descends towards a valley floor or coastline that is cut short
Tunnel valley – Glacial-formed geographic feature
Turlough – Type of seasonal or periodic lake found in limestone areas of Ireland
Tuya – Flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet
U-shaped valley – Valleys formed by glacial scouring
Uvala – Toponym for a closed karst depression
Vale – Low area between hills, often with a river running through itPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Valley – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it
Valley shoulder – Low area between hills, often with a river running through itPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Ventifact – Rock that has been eroded by wind-driven sand or ice crystals
Volcanic arc – Chain of volcanoes formed above a subducting plate
Volcanic cone – Landform of ejecta from a volcanic vent piled up in a conical shape
Volcanic crater – Roughly circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity
Volcanic crater lake – Lake formed within a volcanic crater
Volcanic dam – Natural dam produced directly or indirectly by volcanism
Volcanic field – Area of Earth's crust prone to localized volcanic activity
Volcanic group – Collection of related volcanoes or volcanic landforms
Volcanic island – Island of volcanic originPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Volcanic plateau – Plateau produced by volcanic activity
Volcanic plug – Volcanic object created when magma hardens within a vent on an active volcano
Volcanic vent – Rupture in a planet's crust where material escapesPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Volcano – Rupture in a planet's crust where material escapes
Wadi – River valley, especially a dry riverbed that contains water only during times of heavy rain
Waterfall – A point in a river or stream where water flows over a vertical drop
Watershed – Land area where water converges to a common outlet
Wave-cut platform – Narrow flat area created by erosion
Wetland – Land area that is permanently, or seasonally saturated with water
Yardang – Streamlined aeolian landform
Further reading
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Hargitai H., Kereszturi Á. (eds): Encyclopedia of Planetary Landforms. Springer. https://link.springer.com/referencework/10.1007/978-1-4614-3134-3
See also
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R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_landforms&oldid=1222625587 "
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