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Cyclone Lola at peak strength on 24 October 2023
An off-season South Pacific tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that exists in the South Pacific basin outside of the official tropical cyclone season. The World Meteorological Organization currently defines the season as occurring between November 1 and April 30, of the following year, with approximately 96% of all activity occurring between these months. If a tropical cyclone should develop during the off-season, it is more likely to develop during May or October than any other month of the off-season. The official database provided by the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship, which dates back to 1892, shows that 56 tropical cyclones have existed in the basin during the off-season between May and October, while in addition 36 other systems that are not included in IBTRACS have monitored by the warning centres.
Off-season cyclones are most likely to occur in the Coral Sea, with most impacting either the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. The most recent off-season storm is Tropical Depression 01F, which developed during September 2018 and impacted the Solomon Islands. The strongest tropical cyclone to exist during the off-season was Severe Tropical Cyclone Lola of 2023, with maximum 10–minute sustained winds of 130 mph (215 km/h), and an estimated value of 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) of central pressure. The deadliest and most damaging system was Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu, which caused over 100 deaths, when it impacted the Solomon Islands during May 1986.
Background [ edit ]
Tropical cyclones are considered to be non-frontal , low pressure systems that develop, within an environment of warm sea surface temperatures and little vertical wind shear aloft.[1]
Within the South Pacific basin to the east of 160°E, the cyclone season is defined as running between November 1 and April 30 of the following year.[1] During the off-season a total of 91 tropical cyclones have been recorded during the off-season, with a total of 54 of these systems occurring after satellite imagery became regularly available during the 1969–70 season.[nb 1]
The first system to exist in the off-season on record was active during May 17, 1868 and was located near Vanuatu, according to records compiled by Stephen Sargent Visher . However, the official database shows that the first storm to occur in the basin outside of the current season was in 1912.[2] The most recent systems to exist in the off-season were Severe Tropical Cyclone Lola, which developed during October 2023. The strongest tropical cyclones to exist during the off-season in terms of wind speed was Severe Tropical Cyclone Donna of 2017 and Severe Tropical Cyclone Lola of 2023, with maximum 10–minute sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h), while the most intense by central pressure was Severe Tropical Cyclone Xavier of 2006, with a minimum value of 930 hPa (27.46 inHg). The deadliest and most damaging system was Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu, which caused over 100 deaths, when it impacted the Solomon Islands during May 1986.
Of the 57 known tropical systems that have been recorded during the off-season, a total of 33 tropical cyclones have been recorded in May or have persisted into the off-season after developing in April. A total of 18 tropical cyclones have developed during October, while three systems have been recorded in both June and July, while two have been recorded in September. The three systems recorded in June were all named tropical cyclones, with Gina and Keli considered to be a Category 3 severe tropical cyclones on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale . In addition Tropical Cyclone Raquel developed in June 2015 and was considered to be the latest system to develop in the South Pacific Ocean.[3] In addition as the system persisted into July 2015, it was unofficially considered to be a part of two tropical cyclone years.[3] Off the two systems recorded in July, Tropical Depression 17F in July 2002 was designated 17F, despite being the first system of the 2002–03 season.[4] Tropical Depression 01F/01P of July 2015, which subsequently persisted into August 2015.[5] The first system that developed during September was an unnamed system that occurred in 1924, which according to a report published by Greenpeace , caused damage to some ships to the west of New Caledonia.[6] The other system was declared to be a tropical depression by the Fiji Meteorological Service during September 1999 , but was more likely to be a hybrid system rather than a proper tropical depression.[7]
The season with the most off-season systems was 1999–2000 , which had a total of six tropical depressions existing during the off-season. The 1997–98 , 2004–05 and 2013–14 seasons had four tropical cyclones during the off-season each, while the 1988–89 and the 1996–97 season had three off-season tropical cyclones.[8] [9] [10]
Systems [ edit ]
The wind speeds listed are maximum ten-minute average sustained winds , while the pressure is the minimum barometric pressure , both of which are estimates taken from the archives of either the Australian Bureau of Meteorology , the Fiji Meteorological Service , and New Zealand's MetService . If there are no known estimates of either the winds or pressure then the system is listed as "Not specified" under winds or pressure, if there is no known estimated winds or pressure. For deaths and damages "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities or damages, although such storms may have impacted land. Where it The damage totals are the United States dollar of the year of the storm.
Name
Dates
Peak intensity
Areas affected
Damage(USD )
Deaths
Refs
Category
Wind speed
Pressure
Unnamed
October 5 – 6, 1847
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Norfolk Island
None
None
[11]
Unnamed
May 17, 1868
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Unknown
None
None
[12]
Unnamed
October 2, 1874
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Unknown
None
None
[12]
Unnamed
May 5 – 8, 1912
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
New Caledonia
None
None
[13]
Unnamed
June 20 – 26, 1912
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
French Polynesia
None
None
[14]
Unnamed
July 11 – 16, 1912
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Queensland, New Zealand
None
None
[15]
Unnamed
May 5 – 11, 1916
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
New Caledonia
None
None
[16]
Unnamed
May 24 – 29, 1916
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
New Zealand
None
None
[17]
Unnamed
May 14 – 20, 1919
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
New Zealand
None
None
[18]
Unnamed
July 28, 1919
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Unknown
None
None
[19]
Unnamed
October 28 – 30, 1919
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Unknown
None
None
[19]
Unnamed
July 20 – 28, 1921
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Queensland, New Zealand
None
None
[20]
Unnamed
October 1 – 6, 1921
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Queensland, New Zealand
None
None
[21]
Unnamed
September 1924
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Unknown
None
None
[6]
Unnamed
June 1 – 7, 1925
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Queensland
None
None
[22]
Unnamed
May 1 – 6, 1926
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Queensland
None
None
[23]
Unnamed
May 15 – 20, 1926
Tropical Low
Not Specified
999 hPa (29.50 inHg)
Queensland
None
None
[24]
Unnamed
May 26, 1926
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Fiji
Minor
None
[25]
Unnamed
June 1 – 4, 1929
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Queensland
None
None
[26]
Unnamed
July 1 – 4, 1931
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Queensland
None
None
[27]
Unnamed
July 1 – 4, 1934
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Queensland
None
None
[28]
Unnamed
May 24 – 27, 1935
Tropical Low
Not Specified
1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)
None
None
None
[29]
Unnamed
August 30 – September 3, 1935
Not Specified
Not Specified
999 hPa (29.50 inHg)
Queensland
None
None
[30]
Unnamed
July 1 – 5, 1936
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
None
None
None
[31]
Unnamed
July 7 – 10, 1936
Not Specified
Not Specified
1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)
None
None
None
[32]
Unnamed
August 19 – 23, 1950
Category 2 tropical cyclone
95 km/h (60 mph)
Not Specified
None
None
None
[33] [34]
Unnamed
September 12 – 17, 1950
Category 2 tropical cyclone
110 km/h (70 mph)
Not Specified
New Caledonia
None
None
[33] [35]
Unnamed
October 26 – 29, 1952
Not Specified
Not Specified
998 hPa (29.47 inHg)
None
None
None
[36]
Unnamed
June 4 – 15, 1958
Not Specified
Not Specified
988 hPa (29.18 inHg)
Solomon Islands, New Caledonia New Zealand
None
None
[37]
Unnamed
June 4 – 12, 1958
Not Specified
Not Specified
986 hPa (29.12 inHg)
Queensland
None
None
[38]
Unnamed
May 24 – 29, 1960
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Queensland
None
None
[39]
Unnamed
May 2 – 9, 1963
Not Specified
Not Specified
1007 hPa (29.74 inHg)
Solomon Islands, Queensland
None
None
[40]
Unnamed
May 7 – 14, 1963
Not Specified
Not Specified
1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)
Solomon Islands, Vanuatu New Caledonia
None
None
[41]
Unnamed
May 10 – 12, 1963
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
New Caledonia
None
None
[42]
Unnamed
June 22 – 25, 1963
Not Specified
Not Specified
1001 hPa (29.56 inHg)
New Caledonia
None
None
[43]
Unnamed
June 23 – July 4, 1963
Not Specified
Not Specified
986 hPa (29.12 inHg)
New Caledonia
None
None
[44]
Esther
April 26 – May 2, 1969
Not Specified
Not Specified
992 hPa (29.29 inHg)
Papua New Guinea
None
None
[45]
Unnamed
June 22 – 23, 1970
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
None
None
None
[46]
Nora
October 29 – 30, 1970
Tropical depression
Not Specified
Not Specified
Fiji
Minor
None
[6] [47]
Ida
May 29 – June 5, 1972
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone
120 km/h (75 mph)
965 hPa (28.50 inHg)
Solomon Islands, Vanuatu New Caledonia
70 million
3
[48] [49]
Bebe
October 19 – 28, 1972
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone
155 km/h (100 mph)
945 hPa (27.91 inHg)
Fiji, Kiribati, Tuvalu
22.5 million
27
[50] [51] [52] [53]
Unnamed
July 7 – 10, 1973
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
New Caledonia
None
None
[54]
Unnamed
July 8 – 14, 1973
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
Queensland
None
None
[55]
Unnamed
July 31 – August 4, 1976
Not Specified
Not Specified
Not Specified
None
None
None
[56]
Claudia
May 13 – 18, 1981
Category 1 tropical cyclone
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Solomon Islands
None
None
[57] [58]
Joti
October 31 – November 7, 1982
Category 2 tropical cyclone
110 km/h (70 mph)
975 hPa (28.79 inHg)
Vanuatu
Minor
None
[59] [60] [61]
Unnamed
May 11, 1983
Tropical depression
Not Specified
Not Specified
None
None
None
[62]
Unnamed
May 16, 1983
Tropical depression
Not Specified
Not Specified
None
None
None
[62]
Namu
May 15 – 22, 1986
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone
150 km/h (90 mph)
955 hPa (28.20 inHg)
Solomon Islands
20 million
111
[63] [64]
Blanch(e )
May 20 – 27, 1987
Category 1 tropical cyclone
75 km/h (45 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Solomon Islands
None
None
[65]
Meena
May 1 – 10, 1989
Category 1 tropical cyclone
85 km/h (50 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
Cape York Peninsula
Minor
None
[66] [67]
Ernie
May 6 – 12, 1989
Category 1 tropical cyclone
85 km/h (50 mph)
990 hPa (29.23 inHg)
None
None
None
[68] [69]
Unnamed
May 28 – 30, 1989
Tropical depression
Not Specified
Not Specified
Fiji
None
None
[70]
Lisa
May 7 – 19, 1991
Category 2 tropical cyclone
110 km/h (70 mph)
975 hPa (28.79 inHg)
Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
None
None
[71] [72]
Innis
April 27 – May 6, 1992
Category 2 tropical cyclone
95 km/h (60 mph)
985 hPa (29.09 inHg)
Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
None
None
[73] [74]
June
May 2 – 11, 1997
Category 2 tropical cyclone
95 km/h (60 mph)
985 hPa (29.09 inHg)
Fiji
60 million
None
[75]
37P
May 28 – 30, 1997
Tropical cyclone
Not Specified
997 hPa (29.44 inHg)
Vanuatu
None
None
[nb 2] [76]
Keli
June 7 – 17, 1997
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone
150 km/h (90 mph)
955 hPa (28.20 inHg)
Tuvalu, Fiji, Samoan islands
10,000
None
[77] [78]
Lusi
October 8 – 12, 1997
Category 2 tropical cyclone
100 km/h (65 mph)
985 hPa (29.09 inHg)
Vanuatu, Fiji
None
None
[79] [80]
03P
October 26 – 28, 1997
Tropical depression
Not Specified
997 hPa (29.44 inHg)
None
None
None
[81] [82]
Martin
October 27 – November 5, 1997
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone
155 km/h (100 mph)
945 hPa (27.91 inHg)
Cook Islands, French Polynesia
$8 million
28
[79] [83] [84] [85]
Bart
April 28 – May 3, 1998
Category 1 tropical cyclone
85 km/h (50 mph)
987 hPa (29.15 inHg)
French Polynesia
Minor
10
[79] [86] [87]
26F
May 20 – 26, 1999
Tropical depression
75 km/h (45 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
Queensland, New Zealand
None
None
[88] [89]
20F
April 26 – May 2, 2000
Tropical depression
95 km/h (60 mph)
1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)
Queensland
None
None
[90] [91] [92]
21F
April 28 – May 2, 2000
Tropical depression
65 km/h (40 mph)
1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)
Queensland
None
None
[90] [91] [92]
22F
May 3 – 8, 2000
Tropical depression
75 km/h (45 mph)
1001 hPa (29.56 inHg)
None
None
None
[93] [94]
23F
May 6, 2000
Tropical depression
Not Specified
Not Specified
None
None
None
[93]
24F
May 20 – 23, 2000
Tropical depression
75 km/h (45 mph)
1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)
None
None
None
[93] [94]
14F
May 1 – 3, 2001
Tropical depression
75 km/h (45 mph)
1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)
None
None
None
[95]
15F
May 7 – 9, 2001
Tropical depression
65 km/h (40 mph)
999 hPa (29.50 inHg)
None
None
None
[95]
17F
July 3 – 4, 2002
Tropical depression
Not Specified
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
None
None
None
[4]
01F
October 21 – 22, 2002
Tropical depression
Not Specified
1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)
Vanuatu
None
None
[96] [97]
Gina
June 4 – 9, 2003
Category 3 severe tropical cyclone
150 km/h (90 mph)
950 hPa (28.05 inHg)
Solomon Islands
None
None
[98] [99]
01F
October 28 – 30, 2004
Tropical depression
Not Specified
1001 hPa (29.56 inHg)
Solomon Islands
None
None
[100] [101]
14F
April 14 – May 1, 2005
Tropical depression
Not Specified
1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)
None
None
None
[102] [103]
17F
April 26 – May 1, 2005
Tropical depression
Not Specified
1007 hPa (29.74 inHg)
None
None
None
[102] [103]
18F
April 29 – May 1, 2005
Tropical depression
Not Specified
1006 hPa (29.71 inHg)
None
None
None
[102] [103]
Xavier
October 20 – 26, 2006
Category 4 severe tropical cyclone
175 km/h (110 mph)
930 hPa (27.46 inHg)
Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
Minimal
None
[104] [105]
02F
October 24 – 29, 2006
Tropical depression
Not Specified
1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)
None
None
None
[106]
01F
October 16 – 19, 2007
Tropical depression
Not Specified
1000 hPa (29.53 inHg)
Solomon Islands
None
None
[107]
17F
May 10 – 11, 2011
Tropical depression
Not Specified
1006 hPa (29.71 inHg)
None
None
None
[108]
22F
April 28 – May 1, 2013
Tropical disturbance
Not Specified
993 hPa (29.32 inHg)
Fiji
None
None
[109]
01F
October 19 – 20, 2013
Tropical disturbance
Not Specified
1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)
Solomon Islands
None
None
[110]
02F
October 19 – 23, 2013
Tropical depression
Not Specified
1002 hPa (29.59 inHg)
Vanuatu
Minor
None
[110] [111] [112]
03F
October 21 – 22, 2013
Tropical depression
Not Specified
1005 hPa (29.68 inHg)
Solomon Islands
None
None
[110]
04F
October 25 – 27, 2013
Tropical depression
Not Specified
1007 hPa (29.74 inHg)
Solomon Islands
None
None
[110]
Raquel
June 28 – July 5, 2015
Category 1 tropical cyclone
65 km/h (40 mph)
995 hPa (29.38 inHg)
Solomon Islands
Significant
1
[113] [114] [115]
01F
July 29 – August 4, 2015
Tropical depression
Not Specified
1007 hPa (29.74 inHg)
Solomon Islands
None
None
[5]
02F
October 12 – 18, 2015
Tropical depression
45 km/h (30 mph)
1001 hPa (29.56 inHg)
Vanuatu
None
None
[116]
Donna
May 1 – 10, 2017
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
205 km/h (125 mph)
935 hPa (27.61 inHg)
Solomon Islands, Vanuatu New Caledonia, New Zealand
Significant
2
[117] [118]
Ella
May 7 – 14, 2017
Category 2 tropical cyclone
110 km/h (70 mph)
977 hPa (28.85 inHg)
Samoan Islands, Tonga Wallis and Futuna, Fiji
Minor
None
[119] [120]
Liua
September 26 – 28, 2018
Category 1 tropical cyclone
75 km/h (45 mph)
994 hPa (29.35 inHg)
Solomon Islands
None
0
[121]
12F
May 16 – 21, 2019
Tropical disturbance
Not Specified
1004 hPa (29.65 inHg)
None
None
0
Gina
May 16 – 21, 2022
Category 1 tropical cyclone
75 km/h (45 mph)
998 hPa (29.47 inHg)
Vanuatu
Unknown
Unknown
Lola
October 19 –27, 2023
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
215 km/h (130 mph)
930 hPa (27.46 inHg)
Solomon Islands, Vanuatu
[122]
Systems by month [ edit ]
Off-season systems are most likely to occur in May, with a total of 43 systems developing or persisting into the month, during October, when 22 have formed. By contrast, only 2 systems have developed in August and 4 in September.
Number of recorded off-season cyclones by month
Month
Number of cyclones
April[nb 3]
9
May
36
June
12
July
12
August
2
September
4
October
22
^ Regular satellite imagery of the basin became available during the 1969–70 season, thus the 1969–70 season is considered the start of the satellite era.
^ Data on 37P was taken from the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center .
^ The April statistic only show those systems that formed during the month and either dissipated on 30 April, or persisted into the off-season.
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
^ Knapp, Kenneth R; Kruk, Michael C; Levinson, David H; Diamond, Howard J; Neumann, Charles J. 1912 Missing (1912127S18164) . The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Retrieved May 15, 2017 .
^ a b Vagell, Quincy. "Top 10 Most Unusual Tropical Weather Events of 2015 #10: Earliest and Latest Cyclone on Record in the South Pacific" . The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved January 30, 2016 .
^ a b Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: July 2002" . Retrieved July 17, 2016 .
^ a b Young, Steve (August 31, 2015). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks: July 2015" . Australian Severe Weather. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016 .
^ a b c Occurrence of Tropical Cyclones in the Southwest Pacific Region 1920–1994 (PDF) . Greenpeace International. 1996. p. 18. ISBN 9073361303 . Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved July 15, 2016 .
^ Padgett, Gary. Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary September 1999 (Report). Archived from the original on July 9, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2014 .
^ Chappel Lori-Carmen; Bate Peter W (June 2, 2000). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1997–98" (PDF) . Australian Meteorological Magazine . 49 . Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 135–136. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 7, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2014 .
^ Drosdowsky, L; Woodcock, F. "The South Pacific and southeast Indian Ocean Cyclone Season 1988–89" (PDF) . Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal (39 ). Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 113–129. Retrieved July 27, 2014 .
^ Hanstrum, Barry N; Reader, Grahame; Bate Peter W (September 3, 1999). "The South Pacific and Southeast Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclone Season 1996–97" (PDF) . Australian Meteorological Magazine . 48 (3 ). Australian Bureau of Meteorology: 121–138. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved May 24, 2015 .
^ d'Aubert, AnaMaria; Nunn, Patrick D (March 2012). "Database 1: Tropical Cyclones (1558 - 1970)". Furious Winds and Parched Islands: Tropical Cyclones (1558–1970) and Droughts (1722–1987) in the Pacific . Xlibris. ISBN 978-1-4691-7008-4 .
^ a b Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu: 1847 to 1994 (PDF) (Report). Vanuatu Meteorological Service. May 19, 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 1, 2015. Retrieved February 21, 2015 .
^ "1912 NOT NAMED (1912127S18164)" . The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022 .
^ "1912 NOT NAMED (1912173S18137)" . The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022 .
^ "1913 NOT NAMED (1912194S18135)" . The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 19, 2022 .
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: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link )
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External links [ edit ]
R e t r i e v e d f r o m " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_off-season_South_Pacific_tropical_cyclones&oldid=1229859657 "
C a t e g o r i e s :
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