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Luna 15

Luna 15

Stamp depicting a Ye-8-5 bus spacecraft
Mission type	Lunar sample return
Operator	Soviet space program
COSPAR ID	1969-058A
SATCAT no.	4036
Mission duration	8 days achieved
Spacecraft properties
Bus	Ye-8-5
Manufacturer	GSMZ Lavochkin
Launch mass	5,667 kg (12,494 lb)[1]
Dry mass	2,718 kg (5,992 lb)[2]
Start of mission
Launch date	13 July 1969, 02:54:42 (1969-07-13UTC02:54:42Z) UTC[3]
Rocket	Proton-K/D
Launch site	Baikonur 81/24
End of mission
Destroyed	21 July 1969, 15:51 (1969-07-21UTC15:52Z) UTC
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Selenocentric
Lunar orbiter
Orbital insertion	17 July 1969, 10:00 UTC
Lunar impact (failed landing)
Impact date	21 July 1969, 15:51 UTC
Impact site	17°N 60°E / 17°N 60°E / 17; 60[1]
Instruments
Stereo imaging system Remote arm for sample collection Radiation detector
Luna programme ← Luna 1969C Kosmos 300 →

Luna 15 was a robotic space mission of the Soviet Luna programme, that was in lunar orbit together with the Apollo 11 Command module Columbia.

On 21 July 1969, while Apollo 11 astronauts finished the first human moonwalk, Luna 15, a robotic Soviet spacecraft in lunar orbit at the time, began its descent to the lunar surface. Launched three days before the Apollo 11 mission, it was the second Soviet attempt to return lunar soil back to Earth with a goal to outstrip the US in achieving a sample return in the Moon race. The previous mission, designated E-8-5-402, launched 14 June 1969, did not achieve Earth orbit because the third stage of its launch vehicle failed to ignite. The Luna 15 lander crashed into the Moon at 15:50 UT, hours before the scheduled American lift off from the Moon.^[4]

Luna 15 was capable of studying circumlunar space, the lunar gravitational field, and the chemical composition of lunar rocks. It was also capable of providing lunar surface photography. Luna 15 was placed in an intermediate Earth orbit after launch and was then sent toward the Moon. After a mid-course correction the day after launch, Luna 15 entered lunar orbit at 10:00 UT on 17 July 1969. The spacecraft remained in lunar orbit for two days while controllers checked all on-board systems and performed two orbital manoeuvres.

After completing 86 communications sessions and 52 orbits of the Moon at various inclinations and altitudes, it began its descent. Astronauts Armstrong and Aldrin had already set foot on the Moon when Luna 15 fired its main retrorocket engine to initiate descent to the surface at 15:47 UT on 21 July 1969. Transmissions ceased four minutes after de-orbit, at a calculated altitude of 3 kilometres (1.9 mi). The spacecraft had probably crashed into the side of a mountain. Impact coordinates were 17° north latitude and 60° east longitude, in Mare Crisium. This (the impact site of LUNA 15) is some 554 kilometres (344 mi) NNE of the Apollo 11 LZ, in a direction of 328 degrees.^[1]

An audio recording of the minutes in which British technicians at the radio telescope facility in Jodrell Bank observed Luna 15's descent was first made available to the public on 3 July 2009.^[5]

The simultaneous missions became one of the first instances of Soviet–American space communication: the Soviet Union released Luna 15's flight plan to ensure it would not collide with Apollo 11, although its exact mission was not publicized.^[5]

In a race to reach the Moon and return to Earth, the parallel missions of Luna 15 and Apollo 11 represented, in many ways, the culmination of the Space Race between the space programs of the United States and the Soviet Union in the 1960s.^[6]

“I say, this has really been drama of the highest order,”

— A british astronomer monitoring Luna 15, as it was prematurely deorbited and impacted at 15:50 UTC, two hours before Apollo 11's return ascent^[7]

• List of missions to the Moon

• Zarya - Luna programme chronology
• NASA NSSDC Master Catalog