March 8, 1950: Volkswagen introduces the VW vanMarch 23, 1950: Beat the Clock premieres on TVMarch 23, 1950: Sakae Menda begins 33 years on death row for a murder he didn't commit
Klaus Fuchs was convicted of passing along American and British atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. After the 90 minute trial at the Old Bailey court in London, Fuchs was sentenced by Lord Chief Justice, Baron Goddard, to 14 years in prison.[1]
Acting Republic of China President Li Zongren ended his term in office, and Chiang Kai-shek resumed his duties as president after moving his government to the island of Taiwan.[2]
At 7:35 p.m. in Beatrice, Nebraska, a gas line explosion destroyed the West Side Baptist Church when the 12-member church choir was scheduled to practice. The church was empty, however, because every member of the choir happened to be running late.[3] One member had taken a nap and overslept; another singer and her two daughters had car trouble; the church pastor and his wife had been detained by a problem at home; and none of the other six had even left the house.[4][5]
British Prime Minister Clement Attlee told his cabinet that he was temporarily halting the nationalization of British industry after opposition from the more conservative members of his Labour Party coalition.[6]
The U.S. House of Representatives voted 186-146 in favor of statehood for Alaska.[8] Although the bill would be approved by the Interior and Insular Affairs Committee of the U.S. Senate on June 29, the House resolutions in favor of statehood for Alaska and Hawaii would be blocked from ever coming to a Senate vote during the remainder of the 1949-1951 session.[9]
France signed a treaty with representatives of the Saar Protectorate on the border with West Germany, pledging a fully independent "Republic of Saarland" by 2000 in return for a fifty-year lease of the areas coal mines.[10] The residents of the Saar would vote in 1955 in favor of reunification with Germany.
Tanaka Kōtarō, a Roman Catholic jurist in a predominantly Buddhist and Shinto nation, was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan. He served until 1960, when he became a jurist of the World Court.[11]
Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai returned to the People's Republic of China after having been in the Soviet Union since December.[12]
The celebration, of the February 23 election of Northern Irish nationalist Cahir Healy to the United Kingdom's House of Commons, turned into a riot after supporters displayed the Republic of Ireland flag, in violation of U.K. law.[13]
Born:Rick Perry, Governor of Texas and 2012 candidate for Republican U.S. presidential nomination; in Paint Creek, Texas
Died:Adam Rainer, 50, Austrian man who was the only person on record to have been both a dwarf (4 feet tall at age 18) and a giant (7'8" at the time of his death)
Programming began for the first computerized weather forecast, with data from meteorologist Anthony Richardson being encoded into machine code for the ENIAC computer at Princeton University.[14]
The signing of a pact between United Mine Workers of America President John L. Lewis and coal operators ended a month-long strike by 370,000 bituminous coal miners[15]
InRome, at the Aviator House, institution of the UIL (Unione Italiana del Lavoro), a syndicate gathering the social-democrat and republican workers, coming from the Federazione iltaliana lavoratori, and some “autonomist” (not pro-communist) socialists coming from the CGIL The new syndicate was sustained by the CIO and by center-left Italian politicians, as Ferruccio Parri; the socialist Italo Viglianesi was its first secretary.[17]
Died:Roman Shukhevych, 42, Ukrainian insurgent against the Soviet Union, was assassinated.
The first Volkswagen van (also known as the Volkswagen Type 2 or the Microbus) rolled off the assembly line in Wolfsburg, Germany.[22]
The British government announced that it would not recognize Seretse Khama as the chief of the Bamangwato tribe in the African protectorate of Bechuanaland, primarily because of the controversy over his marriage to a white Englishwoman, Ruth Williams. When Bechuanaland became independent as Botswana in 1965, Khama would become its first President.[23]
Iraq enacted the Law of Denaturalization, giving its Jewish citizens one year to legally emigrate from Iraq on condition that they surrender their citizenship and never return. Ninety percent of the Jewish population, nearly 124,000 people, would decide to exercise the option and move to Israel.[24]
On patrol in 2950 A.D.
The first successful American science fiction television show, Space Patrol began, as a 15-minute afternoon series about adventures in the 30th century, on a Los Angeles station KECA-TV (now KABC-TV). On December 30, it would be picked up nationally by the ABC Television network and run for four seasons.[25]
Died:Timothy Evans, 25, a Welsh van driver, was hanged after the November 30, 1949, murder of his wife and daughter. Later, it would be discovered that the chief prosecution witness, Evans's landlord John Christie, was a serial killer. Christie would be hanged for other crimes in 1953.[27] Evans would receive a posthumouspardon from Queen Elizabeth II on October 18, 1966.[28]
After considering the arguments of Edward Teller and John Archibald Wheeler that the Soviet Union would work on developing the hydrogen bomb even if the United States delayed, U.S. President Truman issued a secret Executive Order for immediate development of the thermonuclear weapons as "a matter of the highest urgency". Truman approved budgeting sufficient funds for research and for production of up to ten "H-bombs".[29]
Albert Schatz, who had been a student at Rutgers University, took the action of suing the university and his former professor, Dr. Selman Waksman. Schatz sought formal recognition as the co-discoverer of Streptomycin and for a share of royalties from the patent. On December 29, the case would be settled, with Schatz receiving acknowledgment, 3% of future royalties, and $125,000.[30]
Wolfgang Hedler, a West German Bundestag deputy and former Nazi who had recently been acquitted of trying to incite anti-Semitism, was ordered to leave the Parliament House at Bonn. On his way out, he was punched and kicked by ten of his fellow members of parliament.[31]
The Czechoslovakia men's national ice hockey team, defending world champions, was preparing to take a flight to London for the 1950 world championship tournament. At the airport, the police arrested the entire team except for one player, Vladimír Zábrodský, on charges that the athletes planned to defect while in London. Most of the national team players would remain imprisoned until October. Twelve were convicted of treason and given sentences ranging from 6 months to 15 years, with the star player, goalie Bohumil Modrý receiving the longest term.[32]
Deputy U.S. Undersecretary of State John Peurifoy challenged U.S. Senator Joe McCarthy to prove allegations that there were Communists employed in the U.S. Department of State. "I think that Senator McCarthy owes it to the country to make available... any evidence which he has that involves the loyalty of persons in the Department of State, whether it be the 205 that he said were Communists in Wheeling, the 57 that he said were card-carrying Communists in Salt Lake City, the four that he said weren't Communists at all in Reno, the 81 that he mentioned on the floor of the Senate, or just one," Peurifoy told reporters.[33]
InSicily, police intervene to chase the laborers and unemployed occupying the uncultivated lands of the big landowners. During the month, the repression of the lands’ occupations and of the workers’ protests causes six dead in Italy.[34]
All 80 people on a chartered airplane were killed in the worst airline accident up to that time, when their Avro Tudor airplane crashed while attempting to land at the Llandow Airfield in Wales. There were only three survivors. The 78 passengers were rugby fans returning to Cardiff from Dublin, where Wales had won the United Kingdom rugby championship, 6–3, over Ireland.[35]
Voters in a referendum in Belgium approved the return of King Leopold III, with 2,933,382 (57.7%) in favor of the monarch's return, and 2,151,881 (42.3%) against. The King had announced that he would abdicate unless he received at least 55 percent approval, and the final question was to be decided by Parliament,[36] which extended him an invitation to return. King Leopold would return to Brussels on July 22, 1950, for the first time since World War II, proving to be so unpopular that he would abdicate nine days later.[37]
Born:Javier Clemente, Spanish soccer football manager who managed the national teams of Spain (1992–98), Serbia (2006–07) and Cameroon (2010–11); in Barakaldo
A wage system was introduced in most of the Soviet Union's forced labor camps after Communist Party approval of a request by the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) to pay prisoners as an incentive for increased productivity.[39]
Representatives of the seven member nations of the Arab League signed a treaty for joint defense and economic co-operation.[40]
The Henri Martin affair began in the port city of TouloninFrance when Henri Martin, a member of the French Communist Party (PCF) and the Toulon harbormaster, was arrested on charges of sabotage of the warship Dixmude and of sedition for distributing anti-war propaganda. Although Martin would be acquitted of sabotage charges, he would nevertheless be sentenced on October 19 to five years in prison for distributing leaflets; the public outcry over the disproportionate sentence for disagreement with the government would eventually lead to a presidential pardon and Martin's release on February 2, 1953.[41]
Indonesia devalued its currency by fifty percent. Under the new exchange rates, the worth of one American dollar went from 3.80 Indonesian rupiah to Rp 7.60 as a period of sustained inflation began. By the early 1970s, after further devaluations, $1.00 would be worth 415 "new" rupiahs, the equivalent of Rp 4,150,000 of the rupiahs of 1950.[43]
Died: Basil Garwood Lambert, 58, American vaudevillian whose routine as "Professor Lamberti" was to be "crazily playing the xylophone while a strip-teaser went through her act behind him, supposedly unknown to him".[44]
Israel's Knesset passed the "Absentees' Property Law", which provided for the confiscation of the property owned by any of the 725,000 Palestinian residents who had fled from Israel and were "not physically within the state's borders"[45]
The FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives Program was introduced, with bank robber and murderer Thomas James Holden as the first person on the list.[46] As of 2012, 497 persons had been listed, of which 456 had been located- 154 of whom had been arrested after ordinary citizens had recognized someone from the list.[47]
Snowmaking was successfully tested for the first time by inventors Wayne Pierce, Art Hunt and Dave Richey at Milford, Connecticut, operating on the principle of blowing water droplets through freezing air to create snow.[48]
The government of British Prime Minister Clement Attlee won its third consecutive vote of confidence, passing 308–289.[49]
Steingrimur Steinthorsson became the new Prime Minister of Iceland after his Progressive Party (the Framsóknarflokkurinn) and the Independence Party (Sjálfstaethsflokkurinn) were able to form a coalition government, which would hold power until 1956.[50]
The Stockholm Peace Appeal was adopted at the second annual meeting of the World Peace Council, a group sponsored by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and called for "the absolute banning of the atomic weapon" and calling for "all people of goodwill throughout the world" to sign in agreement.[51]
The United States agreed to provide South Korea with $10,970,000 in military aid in order to deter a possible attack by North Korea. When the North Koreans invaded on June 25, 1950, "only a few hundred dollars worth of signal wire" had been delivered.[52]
The Girl Scouts organization, which had been founded on March 12, 1912 and then incorporated as "Girl Scouts, Inc" on June 10, 1915, was granted a federal charter by the United States Congress and reincorporated as "Girl Scouts of the USA".[53]
The British comic strip The Gambols was introduced, as a regular feature in the Daily Express. Cartoonist Barry Appleby and his wife, Dobs Appleby, wrote about a "middle-class, middle England" couple.[54]
Inspiration for the "long ball" strategy of soccer football began when Charles Reep watched a match between Swindon Town F.C. and Bristol Rovers F.C., and decided to begin gathering and analyzing statistics about the relation between the number of passes made in a sequence, and the probability of a goal being scored.[58]
Belgian Prime Minister Gaston Eyskens and his cabinet resigned and the government collapsed after the ministers could not agree on holding a joint session of Parliament to decide whether to approve the results of the referendum returning King Leopold III from exile.[59]
Nationalist Chinese troops invaded the mainland and captured the coastal city of Sungmen from the People's Republic of China.[60]
Former engine factory foreman Nicolae Ceausescu, the protégé of Romanian General Secretary Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, was made a Major General of the Romanian Army, despite having no prior military experience. Ceausescu would continue his rise to power and succeed Gheorghiu-Dej in 1965.[61]
Gino Bartali won the Milan-Sanremo for the fourth time. The 35-year old cyclist, after a fierce duel with his rival and friend, the favorite contender Fausto Coppi, crossed the finish line first with a sprint, closely followed by Nedo Logli and Oreste Conte.[34]
Aja Vrzanova, the world champion in women's figure skating, defected from Czechoslovakia to the United Kingdom. Vrzanova had retained her title in a competition at Wembley on March 8, then went to the Home Office rather than to return to Prague.[62]
Poland's Sejm, at that time a unicameral legislature, unanimously passed a law requiring the nation's Roman Catholic churches, and all other religious associations, to transfer their property to government ownership. The purpose, according to the introduction, was "to remove the last remains of the landowner feudal privileges in the Church estates and to secure the material needs of the clergy". The church pastors were allowed to keep and operate their own private farms, and houses of worship and office buildings were exempt, but all other church-owned assets were confiscated.[63]
Two airline pilots radioed the air traffic control tower at Memphis to report that they had witnessed an unidentified object flying 1,000 feet above them and "traveling at a tremendous rate of speed". Jack Adams of the Chicago & Southern Air Lines and his co-pilot, G.W. Anderson, were flying passengers from Memphis to Shreveport and were over Stuttgart, Arkansas, when they spotted the craft, which Adams said had lighted windows "arranged in a perfect circular pattern", and was moving at more than 500 miles per hour.[64] The NBC television network announced the next day that they had invited the two men to appear as guests on the show Today With Mrs. Roosevelt, hosted by former U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt.[65]
Senator Joseph McCarthy told reporters that he had informed U.S. Senate investigators of "the name of the man — connected with the State Department — whom I consider the top Russian espionage agent in this country". McCarthy declined to give details, other than to say that he was "the boss of Alger Hiss,[66] but Owen Lattimore was soon identified as the accused Communist.
Anall-white juryinKosciusko, Mississippi, was unable to agree on the sentence for Leon Turner, a white ex-convict whom they had convicted of the January 8 murder of a four-year-old African-American girl, Ruby Nell Harris. The state prosecutor had asked for Turner to be given the death penalty, which the Associated Press noted was "rare punishment in Mississippi for a White man convicted of murdering a Negro". Because the jury could not agree on a death sentence, Turner was given life imprisonment. Turner, Windol Whitt and Malcolm Whitt had all been indicted for the murder of three black children, and Turner was identified as the man who shot Harris, 8-year-old Mary Burnside, and 12-year-old Frankie Thurman.[67]
Died: Edward Murphy, 48, American gangster. Murphy, alias Emmet Kearns, was found shot to death on a farm near Hartsdale, Indiana, and was believed to have been given a "gangland execution" after attempting to expand the west Chicago territory of his gambling operations.[68]
In a non-binding election, the Academic Senate of the University of California system voted 1,154 to 136 to abolish the loyalty oath, required by the Regents, for all professors. At the same time, the faculty voted 1,025-268 to endorse a general resolution against Communism.[69] The 200-member board of regents declined to terminate the oath, but did extend the deadline for signing it by two months, and provided a means for an appeal for people fired for not signing.[70]
Born:Jocky Wilson, Scottish darts player, world champion in 1982 and 1989; in Kirkcaldy, Fife (d. 2012)
Beat the Clock, an American television game show that required its contestants to accomplish various stunts within 60 seconds, was first telecast, appearing on the CBS network.[71]
Harry Gold became the second atomic research scientist to be arrested on charges of espionage for the Soviet Union, after being identified, by Klaus Fuchs, as the courier for transfer of papers to the Russians. Gold, no longer employed in U.S. atomic research, was working at the Philadelphia General Hospital at the time.[73]
Sophocles Venizelos formed a new government in Greece at the request of the King, reneging on an agreement made with Nikolaos Plastiras and George Papandreou, leaders of the other two center parties. Venizelos's party, despite having a plurality, had won less than 20 percent of the vote.[16]
Sakae Menda, a 24-year-old Japanese man, was wrongfully convicted of the 1948 murder of an elderly couple, and sentenced to death. Over the next 33 years, Menda would remain in solitary confinement on death row, filing six petitions for a new trial and the right to introduce new evidence because of his lack of legal assistance in his first trial. In 1979, Menda's sixth petition would be granted and he would be able to prove his alibi and get a witness to recant, and, in 1983, would become the first death row inmate to be exonerated and released from prison.[74]
In the largest defection from behind the Iron Curtain up to that time, almost 90 people fled from Czechoslovakia after stealing three airplanes and flying to the United States Air Force base at Erding, West Germany.[75]
In an unprecedented honor for an American poet, the United States Senate unanimously approved a resolution honoring Robert Frost on his 75th birthday, noting, in part, that he had "given the American people a long series of stories and lyrics which are enjoyed, repeated, and thought about by people of all ages and callings".[76]
At the age of 15, Ginetta Gloria LaBianca became the youngest opera singer, appearing in a production of Rigoletto in the Italian city of Velletri, a record that still stood more than 60 years later.[77]
InSouth Korea, the Land Reform Law of 1950 was enacted, providing for a redistribution of farmland by the government. More than 1,500,000 households were eligible to buy land that had been confiscated from Japanese owners after the end of Korean rule by Japan, and land that had been purchased from landlords. Farmers could own a tract of land by giving the government one-third of their crops for three years. Tenant farming was outlawed, and household farms were limited to three hectares (7.4 acres).[78]
Senator Joe McCarthy identified a second U.S. State Department employee, after Owen Lattimore, whom he accused of being a security risk, naming Charles W. Thayer without accusing Thayer of being a Communist. Five days later, McCarthy would name John S. Service, Philip Jessup, and Haldore Hanson as additional questionable State Department employees.[79]
Voters in Yugoslavia's parliamentary elections gave a 95 percent approval for the candidates of the People's Front, the Communist party led by Josip Broz Tito. In accordance with the nation's traditional balloting, voters were given the choice of dropping a pink rubber pellet into one of two boxes representing "yes" or "no" for the party candidates.[80]
"Dolly", the 27-year-old elephant who was the star of the Ringling Brothers & Barnum and Bailey Circus, killed a five-year-old boy, Roger Schooley. He and his brother, both of Las Vegas, New Mexico, had been tossing peanuts to the elephant at the circus' winter quarters in Sarasota, Florida. When Roger ducked under the guard rope to pick up some peanuts off the ground, Dolly grabbed him with her trunk, threw him to the ground, then crushed his head with her foot.[81]
Owen Lattimore, a former U.S. State Department associate, was identified as the person whom Senator McCarthy had described on March 21 as "the top Russian espionage agent" in the United States.[82]
U.S. Army Secretary Gordon Gray issued an order requiring the United States Army to open recruiting to all races, without a racial quota. Earlier in the month, Gray had personally asked U.S. President Harry S. Truman for the authority to return to the practice of limiting recruitment of African Americans to no more than 10 percent "if, as a result of a fair trial of this new system, there ensues a disproportionate balance of racial strengths in the Army".[83]
The Arab League (Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen) unanimously passed a resolution declaring that "no member state of the Arab League shall negotiate with Israel with the view of concluding a separate peace or any other unilateral political, military, or economic agreement" on penalty of immediate expulsion from the League.[84]
Wallace Stevens won the second annual Bollingen Prize for Poetry. The designation of the prize winner was made by Yale University for the first time, after the previous year's committee controversially gave the award to Ezra Pound, who was under indictment for treason.[85]
The Beavers of City College of New York defeated the Bears of Bradley University, 71–68 to win the eight-team NCAA basketball championship. The game was a rematch of the National Invitational Tournament final ten days earlier, when CCNY defeated Bradley 69–61.[86] Both tournament games were played at New York's Madison Square Garden. CCNY was also the only team to win both the NCAA and the NIT championships in the same year; CCNY remains the only NCAA Final Four winner that no longer plays at the Division I championship; it would cancel its basketball program after revelations of point shaving, eventually reorganizing a team that now plays in NCAA's Division III.
Erwin Köhler, who had been fired as Mayor of Potsdam by the government of East Germany on March 2, was arrested along with his wife, Charlotte on charges of espionage and "anti-Soviet propaganda". Köhler was one of many purged politicians from East Germany's Christian Democratic Union party; he and his wife would be convicted on December 2, then executed in the Soviet Union the following April; Frank Schleusener, the CDU Mayor of Brandenburg, was arrested the following day, and his body was never found.[87][88]
The first public demonstration of the RCA system for color television, the all electronic tri-color picture tube, was made at a press conference in Washington, DC. The RCA system would eventually be accepted by the Federal Communications Commission, rather than a competing system designed by CBS, and would become the standard for broadcasting.[90]
Washington Post editorial cartoonist Herblock introduced the word "McCarthyism" in a cartoon showing the GOP Elephant asking "You mean I'm supposed to stand on that?".[91]
Kim Il Sung, the Communist leader of North Korea, arrived in Moscow to meet with Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin concerning the invasion of South Korea. Kim and his advisers told Stalin that a war with South Korea would be concluded "within a matter of days" and that the capital, Seoul, would quickly fall. The war would last more than three years.[92]
Nairobi, which had been established by British colonial authorities in 1899 as a town around a railway supply station, attained the status of a city, with a population of more than 120,000. The capital of Kenya now has more than 3,000,000 residents.[93]
Henry F. Grady, the U.S. Ambassador to Greece, made an unpopular intervention in the affairs of the Greek nation, releasing to the press a letter that he had written to newly appointed Prime Minister Venizelos. Not only did Ambassador Grady describe American concern for a "less than satisfactory performance of the Greek Government in its conduct of economic affairs", his published letter included the statement that the Greek government had "to decide whether or not they wish to continue to receive American aid". Venizelos resigned 15 days later.[16]
Garuda Indonesia was established as a joint venture with KLM, the Netherlands national airline, and began with a fleet of 27 airplanes, a network of airports and a full schedule of flights. In 1954, Garuda would become a fully Indonesian business.[97]
^Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets (W. W. Norton & Company, 2001) p372
^Richard Copping, Volkswagen: The Air Cooled-Era in Color (Veloce Publishing, 2005) p62
^Geoffre Warner, In the Midst of Events The Foreign Office Diaries and Papers of Kenneth G. Younger, February 1950-October 1951 (Routledge, 2005) p9
^"Jews in Iraq and Zionism", by Esther Meir-Glitzenstein, in Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture, Volume 3 (ABC-CLIO, 2009) p775
^Jean-Noel Bassior, Space Patrol: Missions of Daring in the Name of Early Television (McFarland, 2005) p18
^Gisli H. Gudjonsson, The Psychology of Interrogations and Confessions: A Handbook (John Wiley & Sons, 2003) p168
^David Yallop, Beyond Reasonable Doubt? (Little, Brown Book Group, 2014)
^Gregg Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller (Macmillan, 2003) p222
^Morton Meyers, M.D., Prize Fight: The Race and the Rivalry to be the First in Science (Macmillan, 2012) pp103-109
^"Hedler Is Beaten Up By German Deputies", Miami Daily News, March 10, 1950, p1
^Tal Pinchevsky, Breakaway: From Behind the Iron Curtain to the NHL (John Wiley & Sons, 2012) pp36-38
^"McCarthy Defied On His Red Charges— Prove Them Or Apologizes, Says State Department To GOP Senator", Miami Sunday News, March 12, 1950, p1
^Yoram Gorlizki and Oleg Khlevniuk, Cold Peace: Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945-1953 (Oxford University Press, 2004)
^"League of Arab States", in International Organizations: A Dictionary and Directory, ed. by Giuseppe Schiavone (Springer, 2016) p240
^Yves Beigbeder, Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940-2005) (Martinus Nijhoff, 2006) pp71-72
^Youssef Chaitani, Post-colonial Syria and Lebanon: The Decline of Arab Nationalism and the Triumph of the State (I.B.Tauris, 2007) p158
^"Currency", in Historical Dictionary of Indonesia, by Audrey Kahin (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015) pp109-110
^"Zany Xylophonist Dies in Hollywood", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 16, 1950, p1
^Michael R. Fischbach, Records of Dispossession: Palestinian Refugee Property and the Arab-Israeli Conflict (Columbia University Press, 2003) p24; Michael Chiller-Glaus, Tackling the Intractable: Palestinian Refugees and the Search for Middle East Peace (Peter Lang, 2007) p62
^"The FBI Top 10 Most Wanted Program", in Encyclopedia of Murder and Violent Crime, Eric Hickey, ed., (SAGE, 2003) pp176-179
^"The Wonders of Walt", by Nicholas Howe, in Skiing Heritage Journal, December 2004, p8
^"Attlee Wins Third Vote of Confidence", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 15, 1950, p1
^Margrit Müller, Pathbreakers: Small European Countries Responding to Globalisation and Deglobalisation (Peter Lang, 2007) p388
^"Stockholm Peace Appeal", in W.E.B. Du Bois: An Encyclopedia, Gerald Horne and Mary Young, eds. (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001) pp301-302
^James F. Schnabel, United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction, the First Year (Government Printing Office, 1998) p36
^"Girl Scouts", in International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, Helmut K. Anheier and Stefan Toepler (Springer, 2009) p763
^George and Gaye Gambol. David Kynaston, Austerity Britain, 1945-1951 (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010)
^"Berkeley's Atom Shatterers Produce Sixth New Element With Fleeting Life", Long Beach Press Telegram, March 17, 1950, pA-6
^"Californium". by B. B. Cunningham, in The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements, ed. by Clifford A. Hampel (Reinhold Book Corporation, 1968) p. 103
^Paul Griffiths, Modern Music and After (Oxford University Press, 2011) p19
^Scott Murray, Football For Dummies, UK Edition (John Wiley & Sons, 2010)
^[news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/18/newsid_2840000/2840237.stm "Government falls as Belgians vote for king"], "On This Day", BBC.co.UK; "Crisis Grips Belgium as Cabinet Falls", Miami Sunday News, March 19, 1950, p1
^"Nationalists Capture China Mainland City", Miami Sunday News, March 19, 1950, p1
^Ithiel de Sola Pool, Satellite Generals: A Study of the Military Elites in the Soviet Sphere (Stanford University Press, 1955) p93
^"Czech Skater Won't Go Home", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 20, 1950, p1
^Marian S. Mazgaj, Church and State in Communist Poland: A History, 1944-1989 (McFarland, 2010) pp55-56
^"High-Speed Flying Saucer Is Sighted Over Arkansas", Miami Daily News, March 21, 1950, p1
^"Saucer Story Interests Air Force, Mrs. F.D.R.", Miami Daily News, March 22, 1950, p1
^"McCarthy Tells Name Of 'Top Russian Spy'", Miami Daily News, March 21, 1950, p1
^"Gambling Boss Found Riddled With Bullets", Miami Daily News, March 22, 1950, p1
^David H. Price, Threatening Anthropology: McCarthyism and the FBI’s Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists (Duke University Press, 2004) p20
^Clark Kerr, The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949-1967 (University of California Press, 2001) pp32-33
^"Beat the Clock", Historical Dictionary of the 1950s, James S. Olson, ed. (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p23
^"World Meteorological Organization: Early History", Dictionary of Global Climate Change (Springer, 1992) p236
^Patrick J. Gallo, The American Paradox: Politics and Justice (Howard University Press, 2000) pp229-230
^Petra Schmidt, Capital Punishment in Japan (BRILL, 2002) p144-145; "Hung jury", by Kevin McGue, Japan Today, June 15, 2009
^"Mystery Shrouds Flight Of Czechs To U.S. Base", Miami Daily News, March 25, 1950, p1
^Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken: A Selection of Robert Frost's Poems (Macmillan, 2002) p vii
^Craig Glenday, Guinness World Records 2010 (Random House Digital, 2010) p202; "Young Prima Donna's Debut", The Age (Melbourne), April 20, 1955, p5
^William W. Boyer and Pyŏng-man An, Rural Development in South Korea: A Sociopolitical Analysis (University of Delaware Press, 1991) pp74-75
^M. Stanton Evans, Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies (Random House Digital, 2007) p306
^"Big Majority Given Tito In Yugoslav Vote", Miami Daily News, March 27, 1950, p1
^"Boy Is Killed by Elephant", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 27, 1950, p1
^"Identity of Man Called 'Top Spy' In Probe Revealed", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, March 27, 1950, p1
^Morris J. MacGregor, Integration of the Armed Forces, 1940-1965 (Government Printing Office, 1981) p374
^Musa S. Braizat, The Jordanian-Palestinian Relationship: The Bankruptcy of the Confederal Idea (British Academic Press, 1998) p96
^"Bollingen Award To Part-Time Poet". The New York Times: 29. March 28, 1950.
^"CCNY Tops Bradley for 'Grand Slam'", Charleston (WV) Gazette, March 29, 1950, p19
^Gary Bruce, Resistance with the People: Repression and Resistance in Eastern Germany, 1945-1955 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) pp128-129
^Karl Wilhelm Fricke, et al., Opposition und Widerstand in der DDR: politische Lebensbilder (C.H. Beck, 2002) pp73-74
^"Envoy Steinhardt Killed in Plane Crash", Miami Daily News, March 28, 1950, p1
^Albert Abramson, The History of Television, 1942 to 2000 (McFarland, 2003) p40
^Julian E. Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National Security - From World War II to the War on Terrorism (Basic Books, 2009) p95
^Adrian Buzo, The Making of Modern Korea: A History (Routledge, 2002) p77
^Helene Charton-Bigot and Deyssi Rodriguez-Torres, Nairobi Today: The Paradox of a Fragmented City (African Books Collective, 2010) p62
