The defender started his career at Rotation Leipzig, then joined Lokomotive Leipzig, later renamed VfB Leipzig. Rose played ten games in the second flight for VfB. In 2000, Rose joined Hannover 96. When Hannover reached promotion to the Bundesliga in 2002, Rose went to Jürgen Klopp's Mainz 05 on loan. When Mainz won promotion to the Bundesliga, they signed Rose permanently. Rose retired after 199 games for Mainz's first and second team. He scored seven goals, three of them in the Bundesliga.[citation needed]
Rose started his career as assistant coach and player of Mainz's second team in the 2010–11 season. For the 2012–13 season, he joined Lokomotive Leipzig, but terminated his contract after one season.[citation needed]
Rose joined Red Bull Salzburg's U16 team in the 2013–14 season. When U18 coach Thomas Letsch joined FC Liefering, Rose succeeded him as U18 coach. The team won the Austrian U18 championship in his first season and the UEFA Youth League in April 2017 beating Benfica 2–1 in the final.[3]
For the 2017–18 season, Rose succeeded Óscar García as head coach of RB Salzburg.[4] In his first season, the team won the Austrian championship and reached the semi-finals of the Europa League, beating teams like Borussia Dortmund and Lazio. The final of the Austrian cup against Sturm Graz was lost. In the second season, RB Salzburg started the league with ten wins which broke the previous record of the league. In the Europa League, they reached the quarter final against Napoli. Rose never lost a home game during his tenure as head coach of Salzburg.[5]
In the 2021–22 season, Rose led Borussia Dortmund to a second-place finish in the Bundesliga. After one season in charge, the club and Rose mutually agreed to part ways on 20 May 2022.[9][10]
On 8 September 2022, Rose was appointed as new RB Leipzig head coach.[11] Two days later, he won his first match 3–0 against his former club Borussia Dortmund in the Bundesliga.[12] On 3 June 2023, he won his first title at the club, after a 2–0 victory over Eintracht Frankfurt in the DFB-Pokal final.[13] A month later, on 28 July, he extended his contract until 2025.[14] In June 2024, he signed a one-year extension until 2026.[15]
Rose has described the basic ideas of his playing style as "emotionality, hunger and being active". "We want to be very active against the ball, sprint a lot. We want to win high balls and have short ways to the goal. We don't want to play high and wide, but fast, dynamic and actively forward."[16]
He has stated his preference for a 4–4–2 diamond, saying "I've always played a diamond when I've had the opportunity to do it, bringing in two strikers. Our system, even when we play with all three up front, is something like a diamond."[16] However he has also used 4–3–3 and 4–2–3–1 formations at Mönchengladbach.[16]