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Contents

   



(Top)
 


1 Biography  



1.1  Early life and education  





1.2  Research and professorship  





1.3  Emigration to America  







2 Selected bibliography  





3 Further reading  





4 See also  





5 References  





6 External links  














Margarete Bieber






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Margarete Bieber
Born31 July 1879
Died25 February 1978(1978-02-25) (aged 98)
NationalityGerman Empire, United States
Alma materUniversity of Berlin, University of Bonn
Occupation(s)Art historian, professor

Margarete Bieber (31 July 1879 – 25 February 1978) was a Jewish[1] German-American art historian, classical archaeologist and professor. She became the second woman university professor in Germany in 1919 when she took a position at the University of Giessen. She studied the theatre of ancient Greece and Rome as well as the sculpture and clothing in ancient Rome and Greece.

Bieber left Germany after the Nazis seized power and she made her way to the United States where she taught at Barnard College, Columbia University and Princeton University. She published hundreds of works during her career and authored definitive works in four areas of study: the Greek and Roman theater, Hellenistic sculpture, ancient dress, and Roman copies of Greek art.[2] She emphasised that Roman reproductions of Greek originals were essentially Roman works and carried the stamp of Roman civilization.[2]

Biography[edit]

Early life and education[edit]

Margarete Bieber was born on 31 July 1879 in Schönau, Landkreis Schwetz[3] (present day Przechowo, Poland) to Jewish parents — Valli Bukofzer, and Jacob Heinrich Bieber, a factory owner.[4] She attended a girls' school in Schwetz (present day Świecie) for six years before being sent to a finishing school in Dresden.[4]

In 1899 she went to Berlin where she attended Gymnasialkurse, a private school founded by Helene Lange. In 1901 she passed the MaturitätsprüfunginThorn and registered at the University of Berlin. As women were not allowed to enroll, she audited her classes, attending lectures by Hermann Alexander Diels, Reinhard Kekulé von Stradonitz and Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff.[4] She graduated in the winter semester 1901/02 in Berlin. In 1904 she moved to Bonn, studying under Paul Clemen, Georg Loeschcke and Franz Bücheler. She received her PhD from the University of Bonn in 1907, her dissertation concerning representations of ancient Greek costume in art.[5][6]

Research and professorship[edit]

In the following years, Bieber did extensive research throughout the Mediterranean. She was the first woman to receive a travel grant from the German Archaeological Institute (DAI) in 1909. From then until 1914, she did research in Athens and later Rome. She became a member of the DAI in 1913. When the First World War broke out, Bieber returned to Germany and worked as a Red Cross worker. From Easter 1915, she taught seminars and ran the Archaeological Institute at the University of Berlin for her former instructor Georg Loeschcke, who was ill. After he died in November 1915, a successor was appointed and she was not allowed to continue teaching as women could not receive habilitation at the time. Bieber continued to teach private courses out of her home, counting Dora and Erwin Panofsky among her students.[7]

After several unsuccessful attempts, her postdoctoral was finally approved in 1919 and she became an associate professor in classical archaeology at the University of Giessen. She was the second woman to become a University professor in Germany.[5] Beginning in 1928, she headed the Giessen Institute of Archaeology and in 1931, she was made a full professor. Her future looking secure, she adopted a six-year-old girl named Ingeborg in 1932.[8] After the Nazis seized power in Germany, they removed Jewish people from academic positions and Bieber was removed from her professorship in July 1933. She, Ingeborg and her governess Katharina Freytag left Germany for England where Bieber became an honorary fellow at Somerville College, Oxford.[citation needed]

Emigration to America[edit]

Bieber left for the United States in 1934 at the invitation of Barnard College, where she was a lecturer.[6] She was recommended to Columbia University, where she became a visiting professor in the Department of Art History and Archaeology in 1936. She applied for American citizenship in 1939.[4]

In 1939, she published The History of the Greek and Roman Theater. It became a foundational text for students of the ancient theaters of Greece and Rome, delving into the nuances of production and the practicalities of staging.[9]

During World War II, Bieber assisted German refugees. She retired from Columbia University in 1948, though she continued to lecture at the Columbia University School of General Studies and at Princeton University. The Bollingen Foundation helped to fund The Sculpture of the Hellenistic Age, published in 1955. She continued to publish works, describing sculpture in American museums and ancient clothing.[6]

Bieber was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971[10] and in 1974, the Archaeological Institute of America awarded her the Gold Medal for Distinguished Archaeological Achievement. She remained active in her later years, living with her adopted daughter, Ingeborg Sachs. Her final work, Ancient Copies, was published in 1977 and detailed the transformation and reflection in Roman copies of Greek art. Bieber died on 25 February 1978 in New Canaan, Connecticut. She was 98.[6]

Selected bibliography[edit]

A bibliography of Bieber's writings when she was 90 included some 327 items.[11]

Further reading[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Hans Morgenstern, "Jüdisches biographisches Lexikon. Eine Sammlung von bedeutenden Persönlichkeiten jüdischer Herkunft ab 1800", Lit Verlag [de], Wien; p. 91, 92
  • ^ a b Medwid, M. (2000) The makers of classical archaeology, p. 37
  • ^ "Rezydencja magnata z Przechowa". 20 January 2019. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
  • ^ a b c d Bonfante, Larissa; Recke, Matthias. "Margarete Bieber: Two Worlds" (PDF). Brown University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-10-19. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  • ^ a b "Bieber, Margarete". Dictionary of Art Historians. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  • ^ a b c d Edward T. James, ed. (2004). Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 5. Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.]: Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 978-0-674-01488-6.
  • ^ Bonfante, Larissa. "Margarete Bieber." Archived 2020-01-02 at the Wayback Machine Gnomon 51 (September 1979), pp. 621–624.
  • ^ Freidenreich, Harriet Pass (2002). Female, Jewish, and Educated: The Lives of Central European University Women. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Press. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-253-34099-3.
  • ^ Ashby, Clifford (1998). Classical Greek Theatre: New Views of an Old Subject. University of Iowa Press. pp. 139–145. ISBN 978-1-58729-463-1.
  • ^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
  • ^ Addenda to the bibliography of the works of Margarete Bieber. American Journal of Archaeology 79 (1975), pp. 147–148.
  • External links[edit]


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