National radio is dominated by the public-service company NRK, which is funded from the television licence fee payable by the owners of television sets. NRK provides programming on three radio channels – NRK P1, NRK P2, and NRK P3 – broadcast on FM and via DAB. A number of further specialist channels are broadcast exclusively on DAB, DVB-T, and the internet including Radio Norway Direct Norway's new English language Radio Station.
Additionally, there are a number of commercial radio stations as well as local radio stations run by various non-profit organizations.
As with other related countries, the Norwegian media is often criticized of being biased towards the political left. Political scientist Frank Aarebrot claims to present evidence of this in terms of both Norwegian journalists and editors.[2] Aarebrot has said that "it is serious when Norwegian journalists massively support the political left, but it is a bit more serious when it actually to a greater degree applies to Norwegian editors than among the journalists". He also expressed concern that journalists who sympathise with the Progress Party may have a lesser chance to get hired than journalists with political sympathies close to editors.[3]
For instance, in the actual 2009 election, the Progress Party received 41 mandates, while by journalists it would have received none. The Christian Democratic Party and Center Party would also have been left without representation, while the revolutionary socialist party Red would enter parliament with 9 mandates. The Socialist Left and Liberal Party would also receive significant gains.[2] In 2003, as much as 36% of Norwegian journalists said they would vote for the Socialist Left Party alone, with only 25% saying that they would vote for any of the right-of-center Liberal, Christian Democratic, Conservative or Progress Party combined.[3] News commentator Frank Rossavik once said that if a journalist would stand forward as a Progress Party voter, it would have been "social suicide", and more devastating than withdrawing from the Norwegian Union of Journalists.[4]
Norwegian editors have as well been proven to have leftist political views, with a 2008 survey showing that the Labour Party would have been given a majority in parliament alone with 85 representatives.[3]
The notion of political bias based on the sum of individuals' party selection has been criticized. Among others, conservative historian and politician Francis Sejersted holds that the general media is neither left-slanted nor right-slanted, but "media-slanted". This means that media across the political spectrum have a tendency to choose the same angle on a case, focusing on personification and dramatic events.[5]
The media systems in Scandinavian countries are twin-duopolistic with powerful public service broadcasting and periodic strong government intervention. Hallin and Mancini introduced the Norwegian media system as Democratic Corporatist.[6] Newspapers started early and developed very well without state regulation until the 1960s. The rise of the advertising industry helped the most powerful newspapers grow increasingly, while the little publications were struggling at the bottom of the market. Because of the lack of diversity in the newspaper industry, the Norwegian Government took action, affecting the true freedom of speech. In 1969, Norwegian government started to provide press subsidies to small local newspapers.[7] But this method was not able to solve the problem completely. In 1997, compelled by the concern of the media ownership concentration, Norwegian legislators passed the Media Ownership Act entrusting the Norwegian Media Authority the power to interfere the media cases when the press freedom and media plurality was threatened. The Act was amended in 2005 and 2006 and revised in 2013.
The basic foundation of Norwegian regulation of the media sector is to ensure freedom of speech, structural pluralism, national language and culture and the protection of children from harmful media content.[8][9] Relative regulatory incentives includes the Media Ownership Law, the Broadcasting Act, and the Editorial Independence Act. NOU 1988:36 stated that a fundamental premise of all Norwegian media regulation is that news media serves as an oppositional force to power. The condition for news media to achieve this role is the peaceful environment of diversity of editorial ownership and free speech. White Paper No.57 claimed that real content diversity can only be attained by a pluralistically owned and independent editorial media whose production is founded on the principles of journalistic professionalism. To ensure this diversity, Norwegian government regulates the framework conditions of the media and primarily focuses the regulation on pluralistic ownership.
^Nore, Aslak (3 March 2004). "Konserntrusselen". Klassekampen (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2009.
^Hallin, D.; Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press.
^"Medienorge". MiediaNorway. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
^Syvertsen, T. (2004). "Eierskapstilsynet – en studie av medieregulering i praksis [Ownership oversight: A study of media regulation in practice]". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^Krumsvik, Arne (2011). "Medienes privilegier – en innføring i mediepolitikk [Media Privileges: An Introduction to Media Politics]". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Dahl, Hans Fredrik; Bastiansen. Henrik G. (1999). Over til Oslo. NRK som monopol 1945-1981 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Cappelen. ISBN82-02-17644-1.
Eide, Martin (2000). Den redigerende makt. Redaktørrollens norske historie (in Norwegian). Kristiansand: IJ-forlaget. ISBN82-7147-205-4.
Allern, Sigurd (2001). Flokkdyr på Løvebakken. Søkelys på Stortingets presselosje og politikkens medierammer (in Norwegian). Oslo: Pax. ISBN82-530-2316-2.
Allern, Sigurd (2001). Nyhetsverdier. Om markedsorientering og journalistikk i ti norske aviser (in Norwegian). Kristiansand: IJ-forlaget. ISBN82-7147-210-0.
Ottosen, Rune; Røssland, Lars Arve; Østbye, Helge (2002). Norsk pressehistorie (in Norwegian). Oslo: Samlaget. ISBN82-521-5750-5.
Eide, Elisabeth; Simonsen, Anne Hege (2008). Verden skapes hjemmefra. Pressedekningen av den ikke-vestlige verden 1902-2002 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Unipub. ISBN978-82-7477-288-5.
