Meshimakobu[note 1] and sanghuang / sanghwang,[note 2] also known as mesima (English) or black hoof mushroom (American English), is a mushroom in East Asia.
The Japanese name メシマコブ is composed of メシマ, an islandofGotō, Nagasaki, where this mushroom used to grow, and コブ, which means bump, referring to the mushroom's appearance. Per Wu et al. (2012) citing Ito (1955) and Imazeki and Hongo (1989), this is a mushroom that is always said to be on mulberry trees.[2]
The Chinese name 桑黃 / 桑黄 is composed of 桑 ("mulberry tree") and 黃 / 黄 ("yellow"). The Korean name 상황 is from Chinese.
The earliest attestation of the name 桑黃 is in Yaoxing Lun.[3]
Various Chinese historical records documented Xinzhou sanghuang (信州桑黃), in which Xinzhou is a place name in modern-day Jiangxi. It was depicted with hair-like objects, apparently describing Inonotus hispidus.[4]
InTonghua, Jilin, various mushrooms were seen as sanghuang by the locals, where it was used to treat cancer and stomach illnesses. The report described the mushrooms and attached photos, but didn't identify them by Latin names.[5]
It had been long thought that this mushroom is Phellinus linteus, which is a view whose earlier iteration, that this mushroom is Phellinus yucatanensis, can be traced back to Japanese academic literacies in early 20th century based on specimens identified as Fomes yucatanensis, later deemed a synonym of P. linteus.[2]
Dai and Xu (1998) studied specimens from various East Asian regions, and found them morphologically different from American Phellinus linteus; the study concluded that Phellinus linteus is not found in East Asia. The study deemed Phellinus linteus exist in tropical America with specimens from there, and Africa with the type specimen of Xanthochrous rudis.[8]
Zhou et al. (2015) examined two African specimens that morphologically fit X. rudis, and their sequences formed a distinct clade from P. linteus. Hence, X. rudis regained standalone taxon status and was renamed Tropicoporus rudis. And Phellinus linteus, now Tropicoporus linteus, is a tropical American species.[9]
Xie et al. (2010) inspected sanghuang strains from various institutions with molecular methods, whose test results were analyzed by Wu et al. (2012) to contain Inonotus vaninii (formerly Phellinus vaninii).[2] This mushroom is from 2015 known as Sanghuangporus vaninii.[9]
Inonotus sanghuang was seen as this mushroom in Wu et al. (2012). It only grows on mulberry trees.[2][note 3] It was renamed Sanghuangporus sanghuang in 2015.[9]
^Wu and Dai (2020) stated that S. sanghuang grows only on Morus australis and occasionally domestic mulberries, chiefly Morus alba trees.[1] Fang et al. (2022) disagreed, said that Wu and Dai (2020) mistakenly assumed the relationship between palmately divided leaves and Morus australis, and stated that S. sanghuang is so far known growing only on Morus mongolica and Morus mongolica var. diabolica.[11]
^Eaton DC, Berkeley MJ, Curtis MA (1860). "Four Hundred and Fifty-Seventh Meeting. December 14, 1858. [...]". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 4: 122. doi:10.2307/20021226.
^Teng SC (邓叔群) (1963). 中国的真菌. 科学出版社. pp. 467, 762.
^ abDai YC, Xu MQ (1998). "Studies on the medicinal polypore, Phellinus baumii and its kin, P. linteus". Mycotaxon. 67: 191–200.
^ abcdZhou LW, Vlasák J, Decock C, et al. (2016) [2015]. "Global diversity and taxonomy of the Inonotus linteus complex (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota): Sanghuangporus gen. nov., Tropicoporus excentrodendri and T. guanacastensis gen. et spp. nov., and 17 new combinations". Fungal Diversity. 77: 335–347. doi:10.1007/s13225-015-0335-8.