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Contents

   



(Top)
 


1 Geology  





2 Volcanic activity  





3 See also  





4 References  





5 Other sources  





6 Further reading  














Mount Katmai






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Mount Katmai
Mount Katmai and its crater lake in September 1980.
Highest point
Elevation6,716 ft (2,047 m)[1]
Prominence2,391 ft (729 m)
Coordinates58°16′43.0″N 154°57′24.9″W / 58.278611°N 154.956917°W / 58.278611; -154.956917
Geography
Mount Katmai is located in Alaska
Mount Katmai

Mount Katmai

Location in Alaska

LocationKatmai National Park and Preserve, Alaska, United States
Parent rangeAleutian Range
Topo mapUSGS Mount Katmai B-3
Geology
Mountain typeStratovolcano
Volcanic arc/beltAleutian Arc
Last eruptionJune to July 1912[2]
Climbing
Easiest routeBasic snow/ice climb

Mount Katmai (Russian: Катмай) is a large active stratovolcano (composite volcano) on the Alaska Peninsula in southern Alaska, located within Katmai National Park and Preserve. It is about 6.3 miles (10 km) in diameter with a central lake-filled caldera about two by three miles (3.2 by 4.8 km) in size, formed during the Novarupta eruption of 1912. The caldera rim reaches a maximum elevation of 6,716 feet (2,047 m). In 1975 the surface of the crater lake was at an elevation of about 4,220 feet (1,286 m), and the estimated elevation of the caldera floor is about 3,400 ft (1,040 m). The mountain is located in Kodiak Island Borough, very close to its border with Lake and Peninsula Borough. The volcano has caused ten known fatalities due to gas exposure.

Geology

[edit]
Map showing volcanoes of Alaska Peninsula.
Katmai caldera before and after surveys of 1908 and 1951

Mount Katmai is one of five vents encircling the Novarupta volcano, source of the VEI 6 eruption and associated voluminous pyroclastic flows in 1912. Katmai consists chiefly of lava flows, pyroclastic rocks, and non-welded to agglutinated air fall. The Quaternary volcanic rocks at Katmai and adjacent cones are less than 5,000 ft (1,500 m) thick. Much of the volcano is mantled by snow and ice and several valley glaciers radiate out from the flanks.

Katmai volcano is built on the sedimentary rocks of the Naknek Formation of Late Jurassic age, which are exposed just west of the caldera rim at an elevation of about 5,000 feet (1,520 m), as well as north and southeast of the crater. Sedimentary rocks have been reported at an elevation of over 6,000 feet (1,830 m) in the west wall of the caldera and near the bottom of the eastern wall near 3,400 ft (1,040 m).

Volcanic activity

[edit]

Little is known about the historical activity of Katmai volcano before the great 1912 eruption. Early United States Coast and Geodetic Survey maps suggest a pre-caldera summit elevation of about 7,500 ft (2,300 m), and local villagers reported in 1898 that one of the volcanoes in the general area "smoked" occasionally.

Between June 6 and 9, 1912, the most spectacular Alaskan eruption in recorded history and the 20th century's largest measured volcanic eruption formed a large summit caldera at Katmai volcano.[3][4] The eruption happened at a vent about 6 mi (10 km) to the west of Mount Katmai (at the Novarupta Volcano). During over 60 hours, the volcano erupted an estimated 6.7 cu mi (28 km3) of ash flows and tephra representing 3.1 cu mi (13 km3) of magma volume.[5] The eruption produced a cloud of suffocating gas and ash that blackened the sky.

The inhabitants of the town of Kodiak, with ash falling on them, were led to the United States Revenue Cutter Service revenue cutter USRC Manning where they sheltered and were cared for by the crew, remaining in the harbor because Captain Perry determined "an attempt to leave here would be unwise" because the eruption made navigation dangerous.[6]

The withdrawal of magma beneath Katmai resulted in the collapse of the summit area, forming the caldera. Following the subsidence, a small dacitic lava dome known as Horseshoe Island was emplaced on the floor of the caldera; this is the only juvenile material erupted from Katmai caldera during the historical eruption. It was visible at the time of the expedition in 1916, but has since been submerged by the crater lake. Still, the eruption from Katmai had a VEI of 3, and possibly involved phreatic eruptions.[7] Following the eruption, thousands of fumaroles vented steam from the ash, creating the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes.

In 1919, geologists noted a lake covering a large part of the caldera floor. By 1923 the lake was gone and numerous fumaroles, mud pots, and a large mud geyser had replaced it. The lake has since refilled to a depth of over 800 ft (240 m). Small glaciers have formed on a bench within the caldera beside the lake. Pumice still floats on Naknek Lake nearby.[8]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Peakbagger.com, Mount Katmai, Alaska, Retrieved Jan. 6, 2023.
  • ^ "Katmai – Historic eruptions". Avo.alaska.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
  • ^ Martin, George C. (February 1913). "The Recent Eruption of Katmai Volcano in Alaska". National Geographic Magazine. 24 (2): 131–181.
  • ^ "The Eruption of the Katmai Volcano, Alaska, on June 6, 1912". Nature. 91 (2271): 253. 8 May 1913. Bibcode:1913Natur..91..253.. doi:10.1038/091253a0.
  • ^ "Alaska Volcano Observatory – Katmai". Avo.alaska.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
  • ^ "Sons of the Hurricane" by John J. Floherty copyright 1938 Reprinted January 1942
  • ^ "Global Volcanism Program | Katmai". Volcano.si.edu. Retrieved 2013-11-22.
  • ^ Noted by John Harte, The Green Fuse: an ecological odyssey, University of California Press, 1993, p. 23 ISBN 978-0520082076
  • Other sources

    [edit]

    Further reading

    [edit]
    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Katmai&oldid=1183796722"

    Categories: 
    Stratovolcanoes of the United States
    Active volcanoes
    Volcanoes of Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska
    Mountains of Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska
    Mountains of Alaska
    Volcanoes of Alaska
    Calderas of Alaska
    Volcanic crater lakes
    Aleutian Range
    Katmai National Park and Preserve
    Holocene calderas
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    Articles with short description
    Short description is different from Wikidata
    Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas
    Articles containing Russian-language text
    Articles with VIAF identifiers
    Articles with J9U identifiers
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    Articles with NARA identifiers
     



    This page was last edited on 6 November 2023, at 15:30 (UTC).

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