NAT64 is an IPv6 transition mechanism that facilitates communication between IPv6 and IPv4 hosts by using a form of network address translation (NAT). The NAT64 gateway is a translator between IPv4 and IPv6 protocols,[1] for which function it needs at least one IPv4 address and an IPv6 network segment comprising a 32-bit address space. The "well-known prefix" reserved for this service is 64:ff9b::/96.
An IPv6 client embeds the IPv4 address it wishes to communicate with using the host part of the IPv6 network segment, resulting in an IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses (hence the 32-bit address space in the IPv6 network segment), and sends packets to the resulting address. The NAT64 gateway creates a mapping between the IPv6 and the IPv4 addresses, which may be manually configured or determined automatically.[2]
A simple NAT64 installation may consist of a gateway with two interfaces connected to an IPv4 network and an IPv6 network, respectively. Traffic from the IPv6 network is routed via the gateway which performs all the necessary translations for transferring packets between the two networks. However, the translation is not symmetric,[3] as the IPv6 address space is much larger than the IPv4 address space; thus, one-to-one address mapping is not possible. The gateway maintains IPv6-to-IPv4 address mapping, which may be established with an automatic algorithm (stateless mapping) or with special and manual translations (stateful mapping) when the first packet from the IPv6 network reaches the NAT64 gateway.
Stateless translation is appropriate when a NAT64 translator is used in front of IPv6-only servers to allow them to be reached by remote IPv4-only clients.[4] Stateful translation is suitable for deployment at the client side or at the service provider, allowing IPv6-only client hosts to reach remote IPv4-only nodes.
In general, NAT64 is designed to be used when the communication is initiated by IPv6 hosts. Some mechanisms, including static address mapping, exist to allow the inverse scenario.[5]
Not every type of resource is accessible with NAT64. Protocols that embed IPv4 literal addresses, such as SIP and SDP, FTP, WebRTC, Skype, MSN, and any other content with IPv4 literals are excluded, but a dual-stacked web proxy allows IPv6-only clients to access even web pages with IPv4 literals in URLs. However, 464XLAT, which uses NAT64, allows use of such protocols over IPv6-only connections.[6] For SIP and FTP, the problem can also be solved using an application-level gateway, or using Port Control Protocol with the PREFIX64 extension.[7]
