A name has been deciphered as possibly Nortia among those of other deities in an inscription found within an Umbrian sanctuary at the Villa Fidelia, Hispellum.[8] The 4th-century writer and consulAvienius, who was from Nortia's seat in Volsinii, addressed the goddess in a devotional inscription:
Nortia, I venerate you, I who sprang from a Volsinian lar,[9] living now at Rome, boosted by the honor of a doubled term as proconsul, crafting many poems, leading a guilt-free life, sound for my age, happy with my marriage to Placida and jubilant about our serial fecundity in offspring. May the spirit be vital for those things which, as arranged by the law of the fates, remain to be carried out.[10]
The ancient location of Volsinii is vexed, and the Etruscan town was refounded by the Romans. At Bolsena, the most likely candidate for the new Volsinii, there is a ruin outside the Florence gate that is known locally as the Tempio di Norzia, but as George Dennis pointed out in the 19th century, no evidence other than the existence of the cult of Nortia supports this identification, and the architecture is Roman.[11]
Nortia's attribute was a nail,[12] which was driven into a wall within her temple at Volsinii annually to mark the New Year. The Roman historianLivy took note of the ritual:
Cincius, an industrious researcher of antiquarian matters, confirms that at Volsinii nails are in evidence at the temple of the Etruscan goddess Nortia, fixed to mark the number of years.[13]
The ritual seems to "nail down" the fate of the people for the year. Cicero refers to a form of timekeeping in which the nail of the year is to be moved (clavum anni movebis).[14] In context, the reference is probably to parapegmata, calendars in which the day is marked by the moving of a peg. Some extant Roman calendars in stone or metal have holes for this purpose.[15]
H.S. Versnel conjectured that the ritual of the nail was associated with the annual meeting of the Etruscan league, and that Nortia's consort could have been Voltumna, the counterpart of Roman Vortumnus. The rite is analogous to, or a borrowed precedent for, a similar ritual at Rome originally held in the Temple of Capitoline Jupiter, near a statue of Minerva.[16] Nortia may thus have been related to the Etruscan Menerva.[17] At Rome, the goddess Necessitas, the divine personification of necessity, was also depicted with a nail, "the adamantine nail / That grim Necessity drives," as described by the Augustan poetHorace.[18] In a poem addressing Fortuna and acknowledging her power over all, from the lowliest to the highest,[19] Horace pictures Necessity carrying nails large enough to drive into wooden beams, and wedges.[20]
The ritual of the nail illuminates the otherwise puzzling iconography on the back of an Etruscanbronze mirror. Meleager is depicted under the wings of another Etruscan goddess of fate, identified by inscription as Athrpa, the counterpart of the Greek fate goddess Atropos who is one of the three Moirai. Athrpa holds a hammer in her right hand and a nail in her left. With Meleager is his beloved Atalanta (both names given in the Etruscan spelling), who will be parted by his death in a boar hunt presaged at the top of the composition. Turan and Atunis (the Etruscan Venus and Adonis myth) also appear, as another couple whose love is destroyed by the savagery of the hunt. The hammer ready to drive in the nail symbolizes "the inexorability of human fate."[21]
R.S. Conway compared Nortia to the Venetic goddess Rehtia, whose name seems to be the Venetic equivalent of Latin rectia, "right, correct." Bronze nails finely inscribed with dedications were found within a temple precinct thought to have been that of Rehtia at Ateste (modern Este). The heads of the nails have links that attach them to small objects or charms, perhaps the "wedges of necessity" that Horace said Fortuna carried. Rehtia has been seen as a counterpart of the Roman Iustitia, the divine embodiment of justice,[22] or the Greek goddesses ThemisorDikē.[23]
^Erika Simon, "Gods in Harmony: The Etruscan Pantheon," in The Religion of the Etruscans (University of Texas Press, 2006), p. 59.
^Massimo Pallottino, "Religion in pre-Roman Italy," in Roman and European Mythologies (University of Chicago Press, 1992, from the French edition of 1981), p. 30; Nancy Thomson de Grummond, Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 2006), p. 96 online.
^Luisa Banti, Etruscan Cities and Their Culture (University of California Press, 1973, originally published 1968 in Italian), p. 185.
^Evidence gathered by Karl Otfried Müller, Die Etrusker (Stuttgart, 1877), vol. 3, pp. 52–53 online. Unless otherwise noted, ancient sources given in this article are those listed by Müller.
^Martianus Capella 1.88, the "Betrothal" book of The Marriage of Philology and Mercury: "And then the most talkative of girls came flaunting and jumping about with nimble lightness, constantly unstable, extravagant now one way, now the other; some call her Sors, some Nemesis, many Tyche, and others Nortia," English translation by William Harris Stahl with E.L. Burge, Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts: The Marriage of Philology and Mercury (Columbia University Press, 1977), vol. 2, p. 30.
^Once when he protests that the Romans permit freedom of religion to other people, but not to Christians, and gives the Volsinian cult of Nortia as an example of a freely practiced religion (Apologeticus 24; see also "Religio licita"). Elsewhere Nortia appears in a catalogue of deities Tertullian mocks because he finds them pointlessly obscure (Ad nationes 2.8).
^Guy Bradley, Ancient Umbria: State, Culture, and Identity in Central Italy from the Iron Age to the Augustan Era (Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 100 and 201, citing F. Coarelli, "La Romanizacion de Umbria," in La Romanizacion en Occidente, edited by J. Blázquez and J. Alvar (Madrid, 1996), p. 63.
^The lar was a household deity, used here as a metonymy for one's home or place of birth.
^Teuffel, History of Latin Literature (English edition of 1892), vol. 2, p. 362, citing CIL 6.537 (= ILS 2944). See also Jacob Burckhardt, The Age of Constantine the Great (University of California Press, 1949, reprinted 1983), pp. 129–130. In Latin: Nortia, te veneror, lare cretus Vulsiniensi, Romam habitans, gemin[o] proconsulis auctus honor[e] carmina multa serens, v[i]tam insons, integer aevum, coniugio laetus Placidae numeroq[u]e frequenti natorum exsultans. Vivax sit spiritus ollis cetera composita fato[r]um lege trahentur. Text as construed by J. Mangas and D Plácido, Avieno: Ora martima: Descriptio orbis terrae; Phaenomena (Ediciones Historia, 2000), p. 16.
^George Dennis, The Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, (London, 1878), vol. 2, p. 24.
^For other ritual practices involving a nail, see Curse tablet.
^Livy, Ab Urbe Condita 7.3.7: Volsiniis quoque clavos indices numeri annorum fixos in templo Nortiae, Etruscae deae, comparere diligens talium monumentorum auctor Cincius adfirmat.
^Daryn Lehoux, Astronomy, Weather, and Calendars in the Ancient World: Parapegmata and Related Texts in Classical and Near Eastern Societies (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 200.
^H.S. Versnel, Triumphus: An Inquiry into the Origin, Development and Meaning of the Roman Triumph (Brill, 1970), pp. 274–276, 295. This view is shared by Simon, "Gods in Harmony," p. 53.
^Horace, Carmen 1.35.16–17, clauos trabalis et cuneos manu.
^Simon, "Gods in Harmony," pp. 52–52, with line drawing of mirror on p. 22.
^R.S. Conway was preoccupied with Rehtia at the beginning of the 20th century; see his article "Italy (Ancient)" in the Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (1915), vol. 7, p. 461; "The Pre-Hellenic Inscriptions of Praesos," Annual of the British School at Athens 8 (1901–1902), p. 147; "Some Votive Offerings to the Venetic Goddess Rehtia," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 46 (1916). The name appears variously in dedicatory inscriptions.
^"Proceedings for September 1904," Transactions and proceedings of the American Philological Association 35 (1904), p. xxxii.
