Jump to content
 







Main menu
   


Navigation  



Main page
Contents
Current events
Random article
About Wikipedia
Contact us
Donate
 




Contribute  



Help
Learn to edit
Community portal
Recent changes
Upload file
 








Search  

































Create account

Log in
 









Create account
 Log in
 




Pages for logged out editors learn more  



Contributions
Talk
 



















Contents

   



(Top)
 


1 History  





2 Participation overview  





3 Hostings  



3.1  Songs of Europe  







4 Awards  



4.1  Marcel Bezençon Awards  





4.2  Winner by OGAE members  







5 Related involvement  



5.1  Conductors  





5.2  Heads of delegation  





5.3  Supervisors  





5.4  Commentators and spokespersons  







6 Photo gallery  





7 See also  





8 Notes and references  



8.1  Notes  





8.2  References  







9 External links  














Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest






Azərbaycanca
Беларуская
Беларуская (тарашкевіца)
Català
Čeština
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
فارسی
Français
Gaeilge

Հայերեն
Bahasa Indonesia
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
Latviešu
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands

Norsk bokmål
Norsk nynorsk
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська

 

Edit links
 









Article
Talk
 

















Read
Edit
View history
 








Tools
   


Actions  



Read
Edit
View history
 




General  



What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Cite this page
Get shortened URL
Download QR code
Wikidata item
 




Print/export  



Download as PDF
Printable version
 




In other projects  



Wikimedia Commons
 
















Appearance
   

 






From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 

(Redirected from Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1961)

Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest
Norway

Participating broadcasterNorsk rikskringkasting (NRK)
Participation summary
Appearances62 (59 finals)
First appearance1960
Highest placement1st: 1985, 1995, 2009
Host1986, 1996, 2010

Participation history

    • 1960
  • 1961
  • 1962
  • 1963
  • 1964
  • 1965
  • 1966
  • 1968
  • 1969
  • 1970
  • 1971
  • 1972
  • 1973
  • 1975
  • 1976
  • 1977
  • 1978
  • 1979
  • 1980
  • 1982
  • 1983
  • 1984
  • 1985
  • 1986
  • 1987
  • 1989
  • 1990
  • 1991
  • 1992
  • 1993
  • 1994
  • 1996
  • 1997
  • 1998
  • 1999
  • 2000
  • 2001
    • 2002
  • 2003
  • 2004
  • 2005
  • 2006
  • 2007
  • 2008
  • 2010
  • 2011
  • 2012
  • 2013
  • 2014
  • 2015
  • 2017
  • 2018
  • 2019
  • 2020
  • 2021
  • 2022
  • 2024
  • Related articles
    Melodi Grand Prix
    External links
    NRK page
    Norway's page at Eurovision.tv Edit this at Wikidata
    For the most recent participation see
    Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2024

    Norway has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 62 times since making its debut in 1960 and has only been absent twice since then. In 1970, the country boycotted the contest over disagreements about the voting structure, and in 2002, they were relegated. The contest is broadcast in Norway by NRK, which also broadcasts Norway's national selection competition, Melodi Grand Prix.

    Before 1985, Norway's best result in the contest was Åse Kleveland's third-place in 1966. Norway's three victories in the contest were achieved by Bobbysocksin1985, Secret Gardenin1995 and Alexander Rybakin2009. Norway also finished second at the 1996 contest, with former Bobbysocks member Elisabeth Andreassen. Norway has finished last in twelve Eurovision finals, of which four times with "nul points". Norway has a total of 12 top-five results in the contest, the latest being Alessandra's fifth place in 2023.

    History[edit]

    Norway's first entrant in the contest was Nora Brockstedtin1960, who finished fourth with the song "Voi Voi"; Brockstedt would return the next year with "Sommer i Palma", this time placing seventh. Åse Kleveland then finished third in 1966 with "Intet er nytt under solen", following which Norway would fail to reach the top ten in fourteen out of their next fifteen attempts, with the exception being Bendik Singers’ seventh place finish in 1973. Before 1985, Norway had only received a top-ten score in six out of twenty-four attempts, and had finished last the same number of times.

    Bobbysocks gave the country its first victory in 1985, with the song "La det swinge". Norway went on to achieve two more top five results over the next ten years, with Karoline Krügerin1988 and Silje Vigein1993, who both finished fifth.

    Norway's second victory came in 1995 with Secret Garden's mainly instrumental Celtic-influenced ethno-piece "Nocturne". In 1996, Elisabeth Andreassen, who had won the contest as one half of Bobbysocks, returned to the contest as a solo artist, finishing in second place. In 2003, Jostein Hasselgård came fourth.

    Norway won for the third time in 2009, with Alexander Rybak and his song "Fairytale". The song's score of 387 points was the highest ever winning total under the 1975-2015 voting system, and also achieved the biggest ever margin of victory: 492 points in total were distributed between the competing countries in 2009, meaning "Fairytale" received 78.7% of the points that could be rewarded. Rybak later returned to the contest in 2018, performing "That's How You Write a Song"; he received the highest number of votes of the second semi-final, but ultimately placed fifteenth. He remains the only Norwegian entrant to have won a semi-final, as well as the only two-time semi-final winner in the history of the contest.

    In2024, Norway finished last in the final for the twelfth time. Norway has the dubious distinction of finishing last in the Eurovision final more than any other country, and along with Austria, has received "nul points" (zero points) in the contest on four occasions; in 1963, 1978, 1981 and 1997.

    Since the introduction of the semi-final round in 2004, Norway has finished in the top ten eight times. Wig Wam finished ninth in 2005, Maria Haukaas Storeng was fifth in 2008, Alexander Rybak won in 2009, Margaret Berger was fourth in 2013, Carl Espen finished eighth in 2014, Mørland and Debrah Scarlett finished eighth in 2015, Jowst finished tenth in 2017, Keiino won the public vote and finished sixth overall in 2019, Subwoolfer finished tenth in 2022, and Alessandra finished fifth in 2023. In total, Norway has 12 top-five and 27 top-ten finishes in the contest.

    Participation overview[edit]

    Table key
    1 First place
    2 Second place
    3 Third place
    Last place
    X Entry selected but did not compete
    Upcoming event
    Year Artist Song Language Final Points Semi Points
    1960 Nora Brockstedt "Voi-voi" Norwegian 4 11 No semi-finals
    1961 Nora Brockstedt "Sommer i Palma" Norwegian 7 10
    1962 Inger Jacobsen "Kom sol, kom regn" Norwegian 10 2
    1963 Anita Thallaug "Solhverv" Norwegian 13 ◁ 0
    1964 Arne Bendiksen "Spiral" Norwegian 8 6
    1965 Kirsti Sparboe "Karusell" Norwegian 13 1
    1966 Åse Kleveland "Intet er nytt under solen" Norwegian 3 15
    1967 Kirsti Sparboe "Dukkemann" Norwegian 14 2
    1968 Odd Børre "Stress" Norwegian 13 2
    1969 Kirsti Sparboe "Oj, oj, oj, så glad jeg skal bli" Norwegian 16 ◁ 1
    1971 Hanne Krogh "Lykken er" Norwegian 17 65
    1972 Grethe Kausland and Benny Borg "Småting" Norwegian 14 73
    1973 Bendik Singers "It's Just a Game" English, French 7 89
    1974 Anne-Karine and the Bendik Singers "The First Day of Love" English 14 ◁ 3
    1975 Ellen Nikolaysen "Touch My Life with Summer" English 18 11
    1976 Anne-Karine Strøm "Mata Hari" English 18 ◁ 7
    1977 Anita Skorgan "Casanova" Norwegian 14 18
    1978 Jahn Teigen "Mil etter mil" Norwegian 20 ◁ 0
    1979 Anita Skorgan "Oliver" Norwegian 11 57
    1980 Sverre Kjelsberg and Mattis Hætta "Sámiid ædnan" Norwegian 16 15
    1981 Finn Kalvik "Aldri i livet" Norwegian 20 ◁ 0
    1982 Jahn Teigen and Anita Skorgan "Adieu" Norwegian 12 40
    1983 Jahn Teigen "Do Re Mi" Norwegian 9 53
    1984 Dollie de Luxe "Lenge leve livet" Norwegian 17 29
    1985 Bobbysocks! "La det swinge" Norwegian 1 123
    1986 Ketil Stokkan "Romeo" Norwegian 12 44
    1987 Kate Gulbrandsen "Mitt liv" Norwegian 9 65
    1988 Karoline Krüger "For vår jord" Norwegian 5 88
    1989 Britt Synnøve Johansen "Venners nærhet" Norwegian 17 30
    1990 Ketil Stokkan "Brandenburger Tor" Norwegian 21 ◁ 8
    1991 Just 4 Fun "Mrs. Thompson" Norwegian 17 14
    1992 Merethe Trøan "Visjoner" Norwegian 18 23
    1993 Silje Vige "Alle mine tankar" Norwegian 5 120 Kvalifikacija za Millstreet
    1994 Elisabeth Andreasson and Jan Werner Danielsen "Duett" Norwegian 6 76 No semi-finals
    1995 Secret Garden "Nocturne" Norwegian 1 148
    1996 Elisabeth Andreassen "I evighet" Norwegian 2 114 Host country
    1997 Tor Endresen "San Francisco" Norwegian 24 ◁ 0 No semi-finals
    1998 Lars A. Fredriksen "Alltid sommer" Norwegian 8 79
    1999 Van Eijk "Living My Life Without You" English 14 35
    2000 Charmed "My Heart Goes Boom" English 11 57
    2001 Haldor Lægreid "On My Own" English 22 ◁ 3
    2003 Jostein Hasselgård "I'm Not Afraid to Move On" English 4 123
    2004 Knut Anders Sørum "High" English 24 ◁ 3 Top 11 in 2003 contest[a]
    2005 Wig Wam "In My Dreams" English 9 125 6 164
    2006 Christine Guldbrandsen "Alvedansen" Norwegian 14 36 Top 11 in 2005 final[a]
    2007 Guri Schanke "Ven a bailar conmigo" English Failed to qualify 18 48
    2008 Maria "Hold On Be Strong" English 5 182 4 106
    2009 Alexander Rybak "Fairytale" English 1 387 1 201
    2010 Didrik Solli-Tangen "My Heart Is Yours" English 20 35 Host country
    2011 Stella Mwangi "Haba Haba" English, Swahili Failed to qualify 17 30
    2012 Tooji "Stay" English 26 ◁ 7 10 45
    2013 Margaret Berger "I Feed You My Love" English 4 191 3 120
    2014 Carl Espen "Silent Storm" English 8 88 6 77
    2015 Mørland and Debrah Scarlett "A Monster Like Me" English 8 102 4 123
    2016 Agnete "Icebreaker" English Failed to qualify 13 63
    2017 Jowst[b] "Grab the Moment" English 10 158 5 189
    2018 Alexander Rybak "That's How You Write a Song" English 15 144 1 266
    2019 Keiino "Spirit in the Sky" English 6 331 7 210
    2020 Ulrikke "Attention" English Contest cancelled[c] X
    2021 Tix "Fallen Angel" English 18 75 10 115
    2022 Subwoolfer "Give That Wolf a Banana" English 10 182 6 177
    2023 Alessandra "Queen of Kings" English 5 268 6 102
    2024 Gåte "Ulveham" Norwegian 25 ◁ 16 10 43
    2025 Confirmed intention to participate [1]

    Hostings[edit]

    Year Location Venue Presenters
    1986 Bergen Grieghallen Åse Kleveland
    1996 Oslo Oslo Spektrum Ingvild Bryn and Morten Harket
    2010 Telenor Arena Nadia Hasnaoui, Haddy N'jie and Erik Solbakken

    Songs of Europe[edit]

    Year Location Venue Presenters
    1981 Mysen Momarken Rolf Kirkvaag and Titten Tei

    Awards[edit]

    Marcel Bezençon Awards[edit]

    Year Category Song Composer(s)
    lyrics (l) / music (m)
    Performer Final Points Host city Ref.
    2009 Press Award "Fairytale" Alexander Rybak (m &l) Alexander Rybak 1 387 Russia Moscow
    2015 Composer Award "A Monster Like Me" Kjetil Mørland (m &l) Mørland & Debrah Scarlett 8 102 Austria Vienna

    Winner by OGAE members[edit]

    Year Song Performer Place Points Host city Ref.
    2009 "Fairytale" Alexander Rybak 1 387 Russia Moscow

    Related involvement[edit]

    Conductors[edit]

    Year Conductor[d] Musical director Notes Ref.
    1960 Øivind Bergh N/A [5]
    1961
    1962
    1963
    1964 Karsten Andersen
    1965 Øivind Bergh
    1966
    1967
    1968
    1969
    1971 Arne Bendiksen [e] [6]
    1972 Carsten Klouman
    1973
    1974 Frode Thingnæs
    1975 Carsten Klouman
    1976 Frode Thingnæs [f]
    1977 Carsten Klouman
    1978
    1979 Sigurd Jansen [g]
    1980 [7]
    1981
    1982
    1983
    1984
    1985 Terje Fjærn
    1986 Egil Monn-Iversen [h]
    1987 Terje Fjærn N/A
    1988 Arild Stav [i]
    1989 Pete Knutsen
    1990
    1991
    1992 Rolf Løvland
    1993
    1994 Pete Knutsen
    1995 Geir Langslet
    1996 Frode Thingnæs [j]
    1997 Geir Langslet N/A
    1998

    Additionally, there was an orchestra present at the 1999 national final, conducted by Geir Langslet (the winning song, however, was presented without orchestral accompaniment) and at the 2015 national final, conducted by Anders Eljas.

    Heads of delegation[edit]

    Year Head of delegation Ref.
    19982005 Jon Ola Sand
    20062009, 20122015 Stian Malme
    20102011 Skjalg Solstad
    2016–present Stig Karlsen [no]

    Supervisors[edit]

    List of supervisors of Melodi Grand Prix, better known as MGP-general or GP-general in Norway:

    Year Head of delegation Ref.
    c. 2007–2012 Per Sundnes
    2013–2015 Vivi Stenberg
    2016–2017 Jan Fredrik Karlsen
    2018–present Stig Karlsen [no]

    Commentators and spokespersons[edit]

    Year Commentator Spokesperson Ref.
    1960 Erik Diesen Kari Borg Mannsåker
    1961 Leif Rustad Mette Janson
    1962 Odd Grythe Kari Borg Mannsåker
    1963 Øivind Johnsen Roald Øyen
    1964 Odd Grythe Sverre Christophersen
    1965 Erik Diesen
    1966 Sverre Christophersen Erik Diesen
    1967 Erik Diesen Sverre Christophersen
    1968 Roald Øyen
    1969 Sverre Christophersen Janka Polanyi
    1970 No commentator Did not participate
    1971 Sverre Christophersen No spokesperson
    1972 Roald Øyen
    1973 John Andreassen
    1974 Sverre Christophersen
    1975
    1976 Jo Vestly
    1977 John Andreassen
    1978 Bjørn Scheele Egil Teige
    1979 Egil Teige Sverre Christophersen
    1980 Knut Aunbu Roald Øyen
    1981 Sverre Christophersen
    1982 Bjørn Scheele Erik Diesen
    1983 Ivar Dyrhaug
    1984 Roald Øyen Egil Teige
    1985 Veslemøy Kjendsli Erik Diesen
    1986 Knut Bjørnsen Nina Matheson
    1987 John Andreassen and Tor Paulsen Sverre Christophersen
    1988 John Andreassen Andreas Diesen
    1989 Sverre Christophersen
    1990 Leif Erik Forberg
    1991 John Andreassen and Jahn Teigen
    1992 John Andreassen
    1993 Leif Erik Forberg
    1994 Jostein Pedersen
    1995 Annette Groth
    1996 Jostein Pedersen Ragnhild Sælthun Fjørtoft
    1997
    1998
    1999
    2000 Marit Åslein
    2001 Roald Øyen
    2002 Did not participate
    2003 Roald Øyen
    2004 Ingvild Helljesen
    2005
    2006
    2007 Per Sundnes Synnøve Svabø
    2008 Hanne Hoftun Stian Barsnes-Simonsen
    2009 Synnøve Svabø
    2010 Olav Viksmo-Slettan Anne Rimmen
    2011 Nadia Hasnaoui
    2012
    2013 Tooji
    2014 Margrethe Røed
    2015
    2016 Elisabeth Andreassen
    2017 Marcus & Martinus
    2018 Aleksander Walmann and Jowst
    2019 Alexander Rybak
    2020 Marte Stokstad Not announced before cancellation
    2021 Marte Stokstad Silje Skjemstad Cruz
    2022 Tix
    2023 Ben Adams
    2024 Ingvild Helljesen[k]

    Photo gallery[edit]

    See also[edit]

    Notes and references[edit]

    Notes[edit]

    1. ^ a b According to the then-Eurovision rules, the top ten non-Big Four countries from the previous year along with the Big Four automatically qualified for the Grand Final without having to compete in semi-finals. For example, if Germany and France placed inside the top ten, the 11th and 12th spots were advanced to next year's Grand Final along with all countries ranked in the top ten.
  • ^ Performance contains uncredited live vocals from Aleksander Walmann
  • ^ The 2020 contest was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • ^ All conductors are of Norwegian nationality unless otherwise noted.
  • ^ Conducted by Egil Monn-Iversen at the national finals.
  • ^ Conducted by Helge Hurum at the national final.
  • ^ Conducted by Egil Monn-Iversen at the national finals.
  • ^ Also conducted the Danish entry. Fred Nøddelund conducted at the national final.
  • ^ The song was performed without orchestral accompaniment at the national final.
  • ^ Conducted by Geir Langslet at the national final.
  • ^ Alessandra Mele was initially appointed as the Norwegian spokesperson, though she withdrew before the final and was replaced by Helljesen.
  • References[edit]

    1. ^ Farren, Neil (2 July 2024). "Norway: Eurovision 2025 Participation Confirmed". Eurovoix. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  • ^ Klier, Marcus (18 May 2009). "The Eurovision 2009 Marcel Bezençon Awards". esctoday.com. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  • ^ "Winners of the Marcel Bezençon Awards 2015". eurovision.tv. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  • ^ Cobb, Ryan (21 April 2017). "Analysing ten years of OGAE voting: "Underneath the fan favourite bias is a worthwhile indicator"". escxtra.com. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
  • ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2012). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. One: The 1950s and 1960s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 93–101. ISBN 978-1-84583-065-6.
  • ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2014). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Two: The 1970s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. pp. 142–168. ISBN 978-1-84583-093-9.
  • ^ Roxburgh, Gordon (2016). Songs for Europe: The United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest. Vol. Three: The 1980s. Prestatyn: Telos Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84583-118-9.
  • ^ "Executive Supervisor". eurovision.tv. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  • ^ a b c "Se hele finalen her". 3 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  • ^ GP-general Per Sundnes slutter i NRK
  • ^ – Skulle veldig gjerne hatt en seier i beltet før jeg gir meg
  • ^ a b Gir seg som MGP-general
  • ^ Norli, Kristin (18 May 2009). "Klagerekord mot Svabø" [Complaint record against Svabø]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  • ^ a b c d e f g h i j Granger, Anthony (20 February 2020). "Norway: Olav Viksmo-Slettan Steps Down as Commentator After Ten Contests". Eurovoix. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  • ^ Hondal, Victor (26 May 2012). "EBU announces voting order". ESCToday. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  • ^ Granger, Anthony (12 May 2013). "Malmo'13: All The Spokespersons Announced". Eurovoix. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  • ^ Granger, Anthony (10 May 2014). "ESC'14: Voting Order Announced". Eurovoix. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  • ^ Doyle, Daniel (23 May 2015). "Vienna Calling: Spokespersons revealed". ESCToday. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  • ^ Granger, Anthony (14 May 2016). "ESC'16: 42 Spokespersons Revealed For Tonight". Eurovoix. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  • ^ Granger, Anthony (9 May 2017). "Norway: Marcus & Martinus Announcing The Jury Points". Eurovoix. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  • ^ Granger, Anthony (9 May 2018). "Norway: JOWST & Aleksander Walmann To Reveal Norwegian Jury Points". Eurovoix. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  • ^ Herbert, Emily (13 May 2019). "Norway: Alexander Rybak Revealed as Eurovision 2019 Spokesperson". Eurovoix. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  • ^ Sand, Camilla (17 April 2020). "Marte Stokstad blir ny kommentator for Eurovision Song Contest" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  • ^ Hagen, Knut-Øyvind (17 April 2020). "Slik blir årets alternative Eurovision Song Contest". NRK (in Norwegian).
  • ^ Farren, Neil (31 March 2022). "Norway: Adresse Torino Schedule and Jurors Announced". Eurovoix. Retrieved 31 March 2022.
  • ^ "Eurovision 2022, tante eurostars fra chi annuncerà i voti: l'elenco completo". Eurofestival News (in Italian). 14 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
  • ^ Sand, Camilla (15 March 2023). "Adresse Liverpool". nrk.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). NRK. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  • ^ Granger, Anthony (16 March 2023). "Norway: Adresse Liverpool Celebrity Panel Announced". Eurovoix. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
  • ^ "Ben Adams med ærefullt Eurovision-oppdrag" (in Norwegian). Verdens Gang. 10 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  • ^ Nielsen, Vetle; Gjestad Frog, Heidi (18 April 2024). "Eurovision Song Contest 2024". NRK Presse (in Norwegian Bokmål). NRK. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
  • ^ Løland, Tuva Mathilde (10 May 2024). "Alessandra Mele deler ut Norges stemmer i Eurovision". Nettavisen (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 10 May 2024.
  • ^ Ness Aksnes, Elise Violeta; Gaathaug Nielsen, Jonathan; Ryland, Ørjan (11 May 2024). "Trekker seg" (in Norwegian Bokmål). Dagbladet. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  • External links[edit]


    Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norway_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest&oldid=1232201689"

    Categories: 
    Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest
    Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
    Melodi Grand Prix
    Hidden categories: 
    CS1: long volume value
    CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)
    CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
    CS1 Norwegian Bokmål-language sources (nb)
    Articles with short description
    Short description is different from Wikidata
    Use dmy dates from April 2020
    Articles containing Norwegian-language text
    Articles containing Northern Sami-language text
    Articles containing French-language text
    Articles containing Slovene-language text
    Articles containing Spanish-language text
    Articles containing Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text
    Articles needing additional references from March 2012
    All articles needing additional references
    Articles containing Hebrew-language text
    Articles containing Polish-language text
    Articles with MusicBrainz series identifiers
     



    This page was last edited on 2 July 2024, at 14:05 (UTC).

    Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.



    Privacy policy

    About Wikipedia

    Disclaimers

    Contact Wikipedia

    Code of Conduct

    Developers

    Statistics

    Cookie statement

    Mobile view



    Wikimedia Foundation
    Powered by MediaWiki