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Contents

   



(Top)
 


1 Text  





2 Background  



2.1  Heartbeat bill  





2.2  2022 Ohio child-rape and Indiana abortion case  





2.3  Ballot measure submission  





2.4  Attempt to change threshold  





2.5  Rejected ballot challenge  







3 Campaign  



3.1  Controversies  



3.1.1  Comments by Ohio Right to Life activist Lizzie Marbach  





3.1.2  Ballot wording  





3.1.3  Misleading campaign advertisements  







3.2  Voter Confusion and Misinformation  







4 Endorsements  





5 Polling  





6 Financial contributions  





7 Results by county  





8 Reaction  





9 Voter demographics  





10 See also  





11 References  





12 External links  














November 2023 Ohio Issue 1







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Issue 1

November 7, 2023 (2023-11-07)

Right to Reproductive Freedom with Protections for Health and Safety[1]

Results

Choice

Votes %
Yes 2,227,384 56.78%
No 1,695,480 43.22%
Total votes 3,922,864 100.00%

Yes:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
No:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%

The 2023 Ohio reproductive rights initiative,[2] officially titled "The Right to Reproductive Freedom with Protections for Health and Safety" and listed on the ballot as Issue 1,[3] was a citizen-initiated constitutional amendment adopted on November 7, 2023, by a majority (56.8%) of voters. It codified reproductive rights in the Ohio Constitution, including contraception, fertility treatment, miscarriage care, and abortion up to the point of fetal viability,[a] restoring Roe v. Wade-era access to abortion in Ohio.[4]

In 2019, the state legislature passed a six-week banonabortion in Ohio, without exceptions for rapeorincest.[5] The statute became active after the Supreme Court of the United States held in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization that the U.S. Constitution does not confer a right to abortion. While the ban was in place, multiple children fled the state seeking abortions after being raped.[6] One such case involved a ten-year-old girl from Columbus, Ohio, who traveled to Indiana (where abortion was legal at the time) for the procedure, generating national attention and becoming a central campaign issue.[6] A state court put the ban on hold while a challenge alleging it violated the Ohio Constitution was heard.[7] Several members of the "no" campaign had called for bans on forms of birth control that prevent the implantation of a fertilized egg and in vitro fertilization if the initiative failed.[8][9]

The "yes" campaign drew support from Ohio medical organizations,[10] doctors,[10] economists,[11] trade unions,[12] editorial boards,[12] reproductive rights groups,[12] and several religious organizations.[13] They argued that a "yes" vote would further limited government, protect bodily autonomy and religious liberty, while preventing interference with patient-physician privacy.[9] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecology, alongside other professional associations of doctors, campaigned for Issue 1.[9][14] In late August 2023, former President Donald Trump, who appointed three of the Supreme Court justices who voted to overturn Roe v. Wade, condemned six-week abortion bans, including Ohio's, as going "too far" and a "terrible mistake".[15][16] Religious groups were generally divided on the issue.[b][13]

Ohio is a moderately red state – Donald Trump won the state by 8.03% over Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election – so the results of the referendum were seen as a bellwether for the national opinion on abortion rights.[18] Voters have supported the "pro-choice" side along overwhelming and bipartisan margins in referendums since the 2022 overturning of Roe v. Wade.[19][20] Ohio's Issue 1 was the first time since the Dobbs decision that voters of a conservative state were asked whether to enshrine abortion protections in their state constitution. As such, the referendum's approval was widely interpreted as evidence for a national consensus in favor of broad abortion rights.[21][22]

Among those between 18 and 24 years old, an estimated 76% voted "yes" on Issue 1.[23] Some conservative political analysts and commentators called a continued alliance with the anti-abortion movement "untenable" and an "electoral disaster", and urged the party to adopt a more pro-choice stance on the issue.[24] Exit polling indicated that 61% of Ohioans agree that abortion should be legal in most or all cases, versus only 37% who disagree.[25]

Text

[edit]

Be it Resolved by the People of the State of Ohio that Article I of the Ohio Constitution is amended to add the following Section:

Article I, Section 22. The Right to Reproductive Freedom with Protections for Health and Safety

A. Every individual has a right to make and carry out one's own reproductive decisions, including but not limited to decisions on:

  1. contraception;
  2. fertility treatment;
  3. continuing one's own pregnancy;
  4. miscarriage care; and
  5. abortion

B. The State shall not, directly or indirectly, burden, penalize, prohibit, interfere with, or discriminate against either:

  1. An individual's voluntary exercise of this right or
  2. A person or entity that assists an individual exercising this right

unless the State demonstrates that it is using the least restrictive means to advance the individual's health in accordance with widely accepted and evidence-based standards of care.

However, abortion may be prohibited after fetal viability. But in no case may such an abortion be prohibited if in the professional judgment of the pregnant patient's treating physician it is necessary to protect the pregnant patient's life or health.

C. As used in this Section:

  1. "Fetal viability" means "the point in a pregnancy when, in the professional judgment of the pregnant patient's treating physician, the fetus has a significant likelihood of survival outside the uterus with reasonable measures. This is determined on a case-by-case basis."
  2. "State" includes any governmental entity and any political subdivision.

D. This Section is self-executing.

Background

[edit]
The number of abortion clinics in Ohio has substantially decreased.

Heartbeat bill

[edit]

In April 2019, the Ohio legislature passed, and Governor Mike DeWine signed, a six-week ban on abortion, with exceptions for threats to the mother's life, but not for rapeorincest.[5] The statute was blocked by a federal judge in July 2019, a week before going into effect.[26] It first became active in July 2022, hours after the Supreme Court of the United States issued its decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.[27] The Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. Constitution does not confer a right to abortion, overturning Roe v. Wade and allowing states to impose unlimited restrictions on abortion access.[28] The statute was in effect for 82 days before a state court blocked it temporarily on September 14, 2022, and ultimately blocked it indefinitely.[29][30]

2022 Ohio child-rape and Indiana abortion case

[edit]

While the six-week abortion ban was in place, multiple children fled the state for abortions after being raped.[6] The most notable case involved a ten-year-old girl from Columbus, Ohio, who traveled to Indiana on June 30, 2022, to get an abortion. Her case drew national attention and commentary from public figures, due in part to its proximity to the June 24, 2022, decision of the Supreme Court of the United StatesinDobbs.[7][31][32][33]

Her rapist was arrested by July 13. Before this arrest was made public, Ohio politicians who oppose legal abortion access called the story a hoax; Ohio's attorney general Dave Yost said, "Every day that goes by, the more likely that this is a fabrication."[34] After news of the arrest validated the Star's story, these sources did not apologize for claiming the story was a hoax.[35] Jim Bopp, the general counsel for the National Right to Life Committee, said in an interview that the child should have been legally forced to carry the pregnancy to full term and give birth, and that "She would have had the baby, and as many women who have had babies as a result of rape, we would hope that she would understand the reason and ultimately the benefit of having the child."[36] In September 2022, shortly after Ohio's six-week abortion ban went into effect, a woman made national news when she almost bled to death after an Ohio hospital refused to treat her miscarriage.[37]

Ballot measure submission

[edit]

On February 21, 2023, Ohioans for Reproductive Freedom, the group leading support for the initiative, filed the amendment's language with the office of Ohio Attorney General, Dave Yost,[38] who certified it on March 2. The proposed amendment was then sent to the Ohio Ballot Board,[39] which further certified it on March 13, permitting supporters to begin collecting signatures.[4] On July 5, supporters filed 709,786 signatures, nearly 300,000 more than the minimum number required. The Ohio Secretary of State, Frank LaRose, certified the petition on July 25, 2023, after certifying 495,938 valid signatures, more than the approximately 410,000 required.[40]

Attempt to change threshold

[edit]

To thwart the proposed constitutional amendment, the Ohio Republican Party attempted to increase the threshold required for referendum passage to 60%. The threshold change was put to public vote in an August 8 special election, known as August 2023 Ohio Issue 1. Voters rejected the change 57%–43%, keeping the threshold for passage at a simple majority.[41]

Rejected ballot challenge

[edit]

On August 11, the Ohio Supreme Court unanimously rejected a lawsuit, filed by Republican former state Representative Tom Brinkman and 2022 Republican state representative candidate Jenn Giroux, that would keep the initiative off the ballot.[42][43]

Campaign

[edit]

The campaign for the initiative drew support from Ohio scientific and medical communities,[44][45] economists,[11] trade unions,[12] editorial boards,[12] human rights,[12] and many religious organizations. They argued that the initiative would limit government, protect bodily autonomy and religious liberty, and prevent interference with personal medical decisions, including another situation similar to the aforementioned abortion case.[9] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, alongside other professional associationsofphysicians, campaigned for the citizen-initiated constitutional amendment.[9] According to legal historian Mary Ziegler, "The main force behind the ballot initiative was physicians who said, 'We are not willing to practice medicine under this regime, and we think voters support us.'"[10]

While several Ohio's Catholic dioceses condemned the measure, many Catholic voters were expected to vote for "yes", along with several dissenting groups, including Catholics for Choice.[46]

Controversies

[edit]

Comments by Ohio Right to Life activist Lizzie Marbach

[edit]
Lizzie Marbach X logo, a stylized letter X
@LizzieMarbach

The use of birth control, IVF, & other unnatural means of "family planning" has brainwashed us into believing that WE are the authors of when life begins.

This belief has caused so much evil and ultimately led to the death of over 60 million babies due to abortion.

September 11, 2023[47]

Shortly before the election there was a major rift within the Ohio Right to Life (ORTL) organization. The campaign suffered from intense infighting after comments made by Lizzie Marbach, the organization's communications director.[48] Marbach called for restrictions or bans on birth control and in vitro fertilization. She was fired in mid-August 2023.[48]

Several Catholic anti-abortion activists urged opponents of the measure to not cast a ballot, or, cast one intentionally spoiled as a protest vote in the wake of the controversy, stating that the "against" campaign was furthering anti-Catholicism.[48]

Ballot wording

[edit]

Proponents of the amendment initially suggested that the amendment appear in full on voters' ballots in November. However, the Ohio Ballot Board substituted its own summary wording to appear before voters. The summary, written by Ohio Secretary of State and Republican Senate candidate Frank LaRose and approved by the Ballot Board's Republican majority, received criticism for its allegedly biased language, including opting for the phrase "unborn child" over the medically accurate term "fetus" and omitting reference to other rights the proposed amendment would protect, including contraception, miscarriage care, and fertility treatment. Abortion rights groups sued to have the full text of the amendment presented on the ballot, but the Republican majority on the Ohio Supreme Court sided with the Ballot Board, allowing the language to appear in the ballot summary.[49]

The Ballot Board's summary received criticism from medical groups as well as some voices opposed to legal abortion access, who have described it as deliberately deceiving voters to vote "no" under false pretexts.[50] National conservative columnist Jude Russo wrote, "We have failed to persuade the American people. Simply put: Lawyerly tricks (and tricky lawyers) are losers. Asking the commons to cede power voluntarily is a loser."[51] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists stated, "The language used to discuss abortion has a profound impact on how people form their opinions about reproductive health care, and the emotionally charged language that will now be presented to voters is neither clinically nor legally sound."[50]

Misleading campaign advertisements

[edit]

Advertisements from the "no" campaign claimed that the referendum would take away "parental rights" and force sex reassignment surgery on children. The claims received widespread criticism from legal experts, who described them as baseless and misleading.[52] Constitutional law expert Jonathan Entin wrote:[52]

If you drink too much alcohol, if you ingest certain drugs, if you drive too fast – all of those things could have shorter or longer term implications for your ability to reproduce... That doesn't mean that speed limits and drug laws and alcohol regulations are somehow going to be affected by this amendment if it's adopted.

Catholic anti-abortion columnist Mary Pezzulo criticized the advertisements for discussing parental rights while ignoring the anti-abortion movement's mission to "protect the lives of unborn babies". She wrote, "They're lying to get people to vote against Issue 1."[53]

Voter Confusion and Misinformation

[edit]

The 2023 Ohio Issue 1 election was marked by significant voter confusion and widespread misinformation. Several factors contributed to the voter confusion including the back-to-back ballot questions, duplicate naming of the ballot measures, reversed position of the ballot measures, ballot language controversy, the use of misleading terms, and misinformation campaigns compounding and exploiting voter confusion.[54][55][56]

Anti-abortion groups and Republican lawmakers disseminated false claims that the amendment would allow unrestricted abortions up to birth and erode parental rights by enabling minors to obtain abortions without consent, among other abortion misinformation.[57] These misleading assertions were strategically spread through digital advertisements and offline events, creating a climate of fear and uncertainty. Pro-life groups, such as American Policy Roundtable, Ohio Right to Life and the Center for Christian Virtue, were particularly active in spreading these messages.[58]

Exposure of Misinformation

An AP News article highlighted significant instances of misinformation during the campaign. One notable example involved false claims made by a State Senator Kristina Roegner, which were exposed and debunked.[59] This effort gained national attention and underscored the importance of factual reporting and media vigilance in combating disinformation. The exposure of these false claims helped maintain the integrity of the election and ensured voters had access to accurate information.[59]

Endorsements

[edit]
Yes
U.S. Executive Branch officials
U.S. Senators
U.S. Representatives
Statewide officials
State Senators
State House members
Local officials
Individuals
Organizations
Newspapers
No
U.S. Executive Branch officials
U.S. Senators
U.S. Representatives
Statewide officials
State Senators
State House members
Local officials
Individuals
Organizations
Newspapers
Declined to endorse
Newspapers

Polling

[edit]
Poll source Date(s)
administered
Sample
size[c]
Margin
of error
For Against Undecided
Data for Progress October 31–November 2, 2023 582 (LV) ± 4% 57% 40% 3%
Ohio Northern University October 16–19, 2023 668 (RV) ± 3.8% 60% 40% -
Baldwin Wallace University Community Research Institute October 9–11, 2023 569 (RV) ± 4.5% 58% 34% 8%
Fallon Research & Communications, Inc. August 22–25, 2023 501 (RV) ± 4.37% 55% 35% 10%
Ohio Northern University July 17–26, 2023 675 (LV) ± 3.7% 54% 30% 16%
USA Today/Suffolk University July 9–12, 2023 500 (LV) ± 4.4% 58% 32% 10%
Scripps News/YouGov June 20–22, 2023 500 (LV) ± 5.95% 58% 23% 20%
Baldwin Wallace University Community Research Institute September 30–October 3, 2022 856 (RV) ± 2.8% 59% 27% 14%
  1. ^ The referendum would allow an abortion ban after fetal viability, except when deemed necessary by a physician "to protect the pregnant patient's life or health".[4]
  • ^ Several Catholic dioceses in Ohio also opposed the referendum. However, along with several dissenting Catholic organizations, many Catholic voters were expected to support Issue 1.[17]
  • ^ Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear
  • Financial contributions

    [edit]
    Primary Campaign Committees[113]
    Committee Position Contributions Expenditures
    Ohioans United for Reproductive Rights Support $39,200,000 $26,200,000
    Protect Women Ohio Oppose $27,000,000 $24,300,000
    Major Donors to Registered Committees[113][114][failed verification]
    Donors Position Contributions
    The Concord Fund/Judicial Crisis Network Oppose $25,000,000
    Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America Oppose $12,500,000
    Protect Women Ohio Action Fund Inc Oppose $9,700,000
    Sixteen Thirty Fund Support $5,500,000
    Ohioans for Reproductive Freedom PAC[114][failed verification] Support $8,500,000
    Open Society Policy Center Support $3,500,000
    Catholic Dioceses of Ohio Oppose $2,200,000
    American Civil Liberties Union Support $2,200,000
    Fairness Project Support $2,400,000
    Lynn Schusterman Support $1,500,000
    Planned Parenthood Action Fund Support $1,500,000
    Knights of Columbus Oppose $1,000,000
    Michael Bloomberg Support $1,000,000
    Gwendolyn Sontheim Meyer Support $1,000,000
    Abigail Wexner Support $1,000,000

    Results by county

    [edit]
    Breakdown of voting by county[1]
    County Yes Votes No Votes
    Adams 31.6% 2,443 68.4% 5,287
    Allen 35.4% 10,978 64.6% 20,029
    Ashland 42.0% 7,655 58.0% 10,573
    Ashtabula 54.5% 16,569 45.5% 13,841
    Athens 72.6% 13,515 27.4% 5,112
    Auglaize 26.6% 4,688 73.4% 12,915
    Belmont 40.5% 7,645 59.5% 11,252
    Brown 36.1% 4,852 63.9% 8,578
    Butler 50.8% 59,150 49.2% 57,305
    Carroll 39.3% 3,630 60.7% 5,609
    Champaign 41.4% 5,601 58.6% 7,936
    Clark 50.6% 20,870 49.4% 20,373
    Clermont 48.3% 36,208 51.7% 38,753
    Clinton 40.1% 5,350 59.9% 7,995
    Columbiana 43.9% 14,132 56.1% 18,040
    Coshocton 47.4% 5,228 52.6% 5,813
    Crawford 40.0% 5,184 60.0% 7,761
    Cuyahoga 74.4% 295,406 25.6% 101,555
    Darke 27.6% 5,016 72.4% 13,146
    Defiance 38.9% 4,966 61.1% 7,810
    Delaware 59.3% 57,116 40.7% 39,195
    Erie 57.1% 16,085 42.9% 12,093
    Fairfield 51.4% 28,410 48.6% 26,818
    Fayette 40.7% 3,303 59.3% 4,814
    Franklin 72.9% 308,379 27.1% 114,637
    Fulton 38.6% 5,935 61.4% 9,424
    Gallia 31.6% 2,373 68.4% 5,139
    Geauga 54.7% 22,327 45.3% 18,503
    Greene 49.3% 30,635 50.7% 31,507
    Guernsey 46.8% 5,288 53.2% 6,005
    Hamilton 65.1% 186,175 34.9% 99,819
    Hancock 40.3% 10,552 59.7% 15,621
    Hardin 41.3% 3,408 58.7% 4,843
    Harrison 38.0% 1,741 62.0% 2,839
    Henry 35.6% 3,507 64.4% 6,347
    Highland 33.7% 4,005 66.3% 7,880
    Hocking 47.8% 4,287 52.2% 4,674
    Holmes 24.6% 2,156 75.4% 6,599
    Huron 44.1% 7,922 55.9% 10,055
    Jackson 37.6% 3,117 62.4% 5,178
    Jefferson 40.7% 8,090 59.3% 11,808
    Knox 42.1% 9,384 57.9% 12,898
    Lake 60.5% 54,337 39.5% 35,504
    Lawrence 33.9% 5,647 66.1% 11,002
    Licking 50.9% 31,815 49.1% 30,748
    Logan 37.4% 5,824 62.6% 9,736
    Lorain 62.6% 69,097 37.4% 41,315
    Lucas 63.9% 76,197 36.1% 43,012
    Madison 46.8% 6,487 53.2% 7,364
    Mahoning 56.3% 42,604 43.7% 33,015
    Marion 49.5% 9,325 50.5% 9,519
    Medina 55.2% 41,006 44.8% 33,242
    Meigs 36.1% 2,366 63.9% 4,179
    Mercer 21.5% 3,796 78.5% 13,850
    Miami 39.6% 15,932 60.4% 24,258
    Monroe 32.6% 1,355 67.4% 2,797
    Montgomery 59.3% 100,475 40.7% 69,021
    Morgan 42.3% 1,933 57.7% 2,641
    Morrow 39.9% 5,209 60.1% 7,860
    Muskingum 46.2% 11,620 53.8% 13,522
    Noble 36.1% 1,494 63.9% 2,646
    Ottawa 52.9% 9,061 47.1% 8,056
    Paulding 28.9% 1,824 71.1% 4,480
    Perry 42.0% 4,759 58.0% 6,560
    Pickaway 44.8% 8,490 55.2% 10,461
    Pike 39.2% 2,957 60.8% 4,594
    Portage 60.9% 35,147 39.1% 22,547
    Preble 37.0% 5,226 63.0% 8,913
    Putnam 16.8% 2,430 83.2% 12,051
    Richland 42.6% 17,124 57.4% 23,050
    Ross 48.4% 10,372 51.6% 11,068
    Sandusky 45.4% 9,270 54.6% 11,142
    Scioto 36.7% 6,566 63.3% 11,321
    Seneca 40.2% 7,179 59.8% 10,692
    Shelby 24.3% 4,274 75.7% 13,316
    Stark 53.3% 67,949 46.7% 59,629
    Summit 65.5% 126,531 34.5% 66,755
    Trumbull 57.4% 37,093 42.6% 27,495
    Tuscarawas 46.3% 13,219 53.7% 15,319
    Union 51.0% 13,209 49.0% 12,706
    Van Wert 29.0% 2,809 71.0% 6,864
    Vinton 37.6% 1,283 62.4% 2,127
    Warren 47.5% 43,463 52.5% 47,963
    Washington 40.6% 8,022 59.4% 11,715
    Wayne 42.4% 15,911 57.6% 21,589
    Williams 36.9% 4,481 63.1% 7,658
    Wood 55.2% 25,929 44.8% 21,037
    Wyandot 38.7% 3,006 61.3% 4,762

    Reaction

    [edit]

    Within a day of the close of polling, Ohio's top Republican leaders, who preside over majorities, suggested that action would be taken against the new abortion rights granted by Issue 1.[115] Ohio Republican House Speaker Jason Stephens said that Issue 1 is "not the end of the conversation" because there are "multiple paths that we will explore to continue to protect innocent life." A spokesperson for Ohio Senate President Matt Huffman reacted to the result: "This isn't the end. It is really just the beginning of a revolving door of ballot campaigns to repeal or replace Issue 1".[116]

    Two days after the result, Ohio State Representatives Jennifer Gross, Bill Dean, Melanie Miller, and Beth Lear, all Republicans, released a statement calling Issue 1 "deceptive", declaring that "Ohio legislators will consider removing jurisdiction from the judiciary over this ambiguous ballot initiative" so that only Ohio legislators can "consider what, if any, modifications to make to existing laws", instead of Ohio courts.[117]

    Rick Santorum, a Republican and former U.S. Senator, commented on the results of Issue 1 and a simultaneous Ohio voter ballot measure successfully legalizing recreational marijuana: "You put very sexy things like abortion and marijuana on the ballot, and a lot of young people come out and vote. It was a secret sauce for disaster in Ohio … pure democracies are not the way to run a country."[118][119] Conservative commentator Sean Hannity urged Republicans to adopt a "safe, legal, and rare" framework on abortion.[24]

    According to Jessie Hill, professor and associate dean at Case Western Reserve University School of Law, the only way the Issue 1 amendment could be challenged is if there were a change to federal law regarding abortion or if another Ohio constitutional amendment restricting abortion was passed, which would require a majority vote in an election.[120]

    On December 15, 2023, the Ohio Supreme Court dismissed the state of Ohio's challenge to a lower court ruling from Hamilton County which stayed Ohio's six-week abortion ban. In March 2023, the Ohio Supreme Court agreed to review the matter following a challenge from the state. However, following the passage of Issue 1, the Ohio Supreme Court dismissed the matter, citing a change in the law.[121]

    Voter demographics

    [edit]
    Ohio Issue 1 vote by demographic subgroup
    Demographic subgroup[122] Yes No % of
    total vote
    Total vote 56.78 43.22 100
    Age
    18–29 years old 77 23 12
    30–44 years old 68 32 23
    45–64 years old 53 47 35
    65+ years old 45 55 30
    Party ID
    Democrat 92 8 32
    Republican 18 82 35
    Independent 64 36 33
    Ideology
    Liberal 94 6 34
    Moderate 69 31 30
    Conservative 13 87 36
    Marital Status
    Married 51 49 61
    Unmarried 67 33 39
    Married With Children?
    Yes 56 44 23
    No 57 43 77
    Race
    White 53 47 85
    Black 83 17 10
    Latino 73 27 3
    Asian N/A N/A 1
    Other N/A N/A 1
    Gender
    Male 53 47 47
    Female 60 40 53
    Area Type
    Urban 70 30 40
    Suburban 52 48 43
    Rural 40 60 18
    Abortion Should Be
    Legal In All Cases 96 4 28
    Legal In Most Cases 83 17 33
    Illegal In Most Cases 6 94 25
    Illegal In All Cases 3 97 12
    White Born-Again or Evangelical Christian
    Yes 24 76 30
    No 71 29 70
    Parents
    Men With Children 53 47 14
    Women With Children 62 38 16
    Men Without Children 54 46 33
    Women Without Children 59 41 37
    Education
    Never Attended College 42 58 18
    Some College 60 40 23
    Associate's Degree 54 46 14
    Bachelor's Degree 58 42 25
    Advanced Degree 68 32 19
    Union Household
    Yes 58 42 30
    No 57 43 70
    Feelings About Roe Being Overturned
    Enthusiastic 7 93 18
    Satisfied 21 79 18
    Dissatisfied 68 32 22
    Angry 93 7 38
    2020 Presidential Vote
    Biden 92 8 45
    Trump 19 81 43
    Another Candidate 65 35 5
    Did Not Vote 71 29 4
    Biden Approval
    Strongly Approve 94 6 15
    Somewhat Approve 91 9 24
    Somewhat Disapprove 72 28 13
    Strongly Disapprove 23 77 46

    See also

    [edit]

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ a b "2023 Official Election Results". Ohio Secretary of State. Retrieved December 7, 2023.
  • ^ Tebben, Susan (August 24, 2023). "Split ballot board approves reproductive rights amendment summary written by Ohio Sec. of State". Ohio Capital Journal. Retrieved September 8, 2023.
  • ^ Smith, Julie Carr (August 24, 2023). "Backers blast approved ballot language for Ohio's fall abortion amendment as misleading". Associated Press. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  • ^ a b c Walsh, Maeve (March 13, 2023). "Abortion rights amendment certified by Ohio Ballot Board". WCMH-TV. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
  • ^ a b Prosser, Maggie (April 11, 2019). "DeWine signs Heartbeat Bill into Ohio law. ACLU promises lawsuit". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved June 7, 2024. Abortions would be allowed if the woman's life is in danger, but it contains no exceptions for rape or incest.
  • ^ a b c Sherman, Carter (September 27, 2023). "Ohio supreme court battle over six-week abortion ban begins". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 1, 2023.
  • ^ a b Burnett, Sara; Fernando, Christine (August 9, 2023). "Ohio vote shows enduring power of abortion rights at ballot box, giving Democrats a path in 2024". ABC News. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  • ^ Balmert, Jessie (September 24, 2023). "Why Ohio abortion opponents aren't banning abortion before Issue 1 vote". Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
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