"Pearl organ" redirects here. For the obscure organ of a deep-sea fish, see Pearleye.
Nuptial tubercles on back of stone-roller, Campostoma anomalum
Nuptial tubercles (also called nuptial efflorescences, breeding tubercles or pearl organs)[1] are dermal structures present in 15 familiesoffish belonging to 4 orders of Actinopterygii – Salmoniformes, Gonorhynchiformes, Cypriniformes and Perciformes[2] – used in the courtship and reproduction process. They consist of partially or fully keratinised cells that form a perceptible protrusion in certain regions, used to stimulate females during courtship.[3] Their development is stimulated by hormones secreted by the pituitary and adrenal glands, and is induced shortly before the breeding season and discarded after. In some species, at least, there is a correlation between the level of androgens present in the endocrine system and the volume and complexity of tubercle growth.[4][5]
Tubercles on the nose of Fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
Nuptial tubercles are skin nodules made of keratin, the same material as hair, hooves, and fingernails. They normally form on the heads of male fish, often covering the whole of the top part of the snout, but may also occur on fins, or anywhere else on the scaledintegumentary system. The actual purpose of nuptial tubercles is not definitely known. There are many theories about their function, which include: use to stimulate females during courtship, in aggressive rituals performed by males during mate selection, or to maintain contact between individuals during reproduction. There is definite proof that they grow mainly on areas with greater mechanical stress,[4] which means that those species that head-butt females to stimulate them to release eggs will have more on the head, whereas those that dig nests in gravel substrates will develop them more on their fins. Tubercles occasionally develop on female fish also, but this is rare, and they are often barely visible to the naked eye.
Nuptial tubercles have been described as an honest signal of the general health of the male bearer. Indeed, research has proven a correlation between tubercle density and parasite resistance,[6] though it is not always a positive correlation.[7]
In species that use lek mating, the females choose the males with the roughest skin, but were not confused by males that had papillomatosis (a skin disease resulting in rough skin).[4]
The presence of nuptial tubercles has been used to distinguish speciation. The genus Leucos was described from similar Rutilus species in Europe as they do not develop them.[8] Similarly, the description of Messinobarbus (now a synonym of Luciobarbus) in 1994 was an attempt to distinguish those species with them from Barbus that do not have them.[9]
Visually similar structures to nuptial tubercles are produced by male loricariid catfishes during the mating season, in similar places to nuptial tubercles (snout and fins). These are actually hypertrophiedodontodes, which are therefore dermal teeth, rather than keratin, and are covered by flesh containing taste buds. It has been proposed that these ornaments may assist breeding success by mimicking fry, tempting females to lay their eggs in the nest cave of a successful male, already guarding his own offspring.[10]
Instead of tubercles, cichlid males produce nuchal humps (koks),[11] where additional fat is laid under the skin over the skull forming a hump on the head.
^Wiley, M. L. & Collette, B. B. (1970). "Breeding tubercles and contact organs in fishes: their occurrence, structure, and significance". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 143: 145–216.
^ abcRaine Kortet; Jouni Taskinen; Anssi Vainikka & Hannu Ylönen (August 2004). "Breeding Tubercles, Papillomatosis and Dominance Behaviour of Male Roach (Rutilus rutilus) During the Spawning Period". Ethology. 110 (8): 591–601. Bibcode:2004Ethol.110..591K. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2004.01002.x.
^Poncin, P., Matondo, B.N., Termol, C. et al. Relationships between circulating androgens, aggressive behaviour and breeding tubercles in males of the common bream Abramis brama L. in an aquarium environment. Fish Physiol Biochem 37, 533–542 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-010-9455-y
^R. Kortet & J. Taskinen (7 May 2004). "Parasitism, condition and number of front head breeding tubercles in roach (Rutilus rutilus L.)". Ecology of Freshwater Fish. 13 (2): 119–124. Bibcode:2004EcoFF..13..119K. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0633.2004.00039.x.
^Bianco, P.G. (1998). "Diversity of Barbinae fishes in southern Europe with description of a new genus and a new species (Cyprinidae)". Italian Journal of Zoology. 65 (1): 125–136. doi:10.1080/11250009809386804.
^
Dual function and associated costs of a highly exaggerated trait in a cichlid fish
Sina J. Rometsch, Julián Torres-Dowdall, Gonzalo Machado-Schiaffino, Nidal Karagic, Axel Meyer
First published: 23 November 2021 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8383
^Menezes, N.A., and M.M.F. Marinho (2019). A New Species of Knodus Eigenmann (Characiformes: Characidae: Stevardiinae) with Comments on Nuptial Tubercles and Gill Gland in Characiform Fishes. PLoS ONE 14(7): e0217915. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217915
Stephanie C. McMillan, Zhe T. Xu, Jing Zhang, Cathleen Teh, Vladimir Korzh, Vance L. Trudeau, Marie-Andrée Akimenko "Regeneration of breeding tubercles on zebrafish pectoral fins requires androgens and two waves of revascularization" Development (2013) 140 (21): 4323–4334.
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