The clan developed a number of schools of martial arts during this period, known as Ogasawara-ryū, and contributed to the codification of bushido etiquette.[2]
During the Edo period, the Ogasawara were identified as one of the fudai or insider daimyō clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa,[3] in contrast with the tozama or outsider clans.
The fudai Ogasawara clan originated in 12th century Shinano Province.[3] They claim descent from Takeda Yoshikiyo and the Seiwa-Genji.[1] Broadly, there are two genealogical lines of the Ogasawara, the Matsuo and the Fukashi, each of which identify places in Shinano. The Matsuo line gave rise to the Ogasawara of Echizen, and the Fukashi line is ultimately established at the Ogasawara of Bunzen.[4]
The great-grandson of Yoshikiyo, Nagakiyo, was the first to take the name Ogasawara. The area controlled by his descendants grew to encompass the entire province of Shinano.[5]
The branches of the fudai Ogasawara clan include the following:
The senior branch of the Ogasawara from the beginning were daimyō at Fukashi; then, in 1617, the daimyō was transferred to Akashi Domain (120,000 koku) in Harima Province. In the years spanning 1632 through 1868, the descendants of this branch of the Ogasawara were daimyōatKokura Domain (150,000 koku)[7]inBuzen Province.[3] The head of this clan line was ennobled as a "Count" in 1884.[8]
A cadet branch of the Ogasawara were daimyōatChizuka Domain (10,000 koku)[9]inBuzen Province up through the Meiji Restoration. The head of this clan line was ennobled as a "Viscount" in the Meiji period.
A cadet branch of the Ogasawara were daimyō in 1617 at Tatsuno DomaininHarima Province; and in 1632, they were transferred as daimyōatNakatsu DomaininBuzen Province. In the period spanning the years 1716 through 1868, the descendants of this branch of the Ogasawara were daimyōatAnshi Domain (10,000 koku)[9]inHarima Province.[3] The head of this clan line was ennobled as a "Viscount" in the Meiji period.
The Miyoshi clan of daimyō were cadet descendants of the Ogasawara; and through them, they were also descendants of the Seiwa-Genji Minamoto.[12] At the beginning of the 14th century, Ogasawara Nagafusa established himself in Shikoku. Amongst his descendants in the 8th generation was Yoshinaga, who established himself at MiyoshiinAwa province (now Tokushima Prefecture).
Osagawa Yoshinaga took the name Miyoshi Yoshinaga and became a vassal of the Hosokawa clan, who were then the strongest force on the island. Accounts from the late 16th century include mention of Miyoshi Yoshitsugu as the nephew and adopted son of Miyoshi Chōkei. Any remnants of the Miyoshi branch of the Ogasawara clan would have been vanquished by the Chōsokabe clan as they gradually took control of the entire island of Shikoku.[12]
The Ogasawara clan is inlinked to Japanese discovery of the Bonin Islands, and to Japan's claim over those islands which are now administratively considered part of metropolitan Tokyo:
Bunroku1 (1592): Ogasawara Sadayori claims to have discovered the Bonin Islands, and the territory was granted to him as a fief by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.[16] These claims are later proven false and Ogasawara is exiled.
Kanbun10 (1670): The islands are discovered by the Japanese when a ship bound for Edo from Kyushu is blown off course by a storm.[17]
Enpō3 (1675): The islands are explored by shogunate expedition, following up "discovery" in Kanbun 10. The islands are claimed as a territory of Japan.[17]
Bunkyū1 (January 1862): The islands are re-confirmed as a territory of Japan, following "discovery" of the islands in Kanbun 10 (1670) and a shogunate expedition to the islands in Enpō 3 (1675).[17]
^ abcPapinot, Jacques. (2003). Nobiliare du Japon – Ogasawara, pp. 44–45; Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon. (in French/German).
Takeda clan
