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F r o m W i k i p e d i a , t h e f r e e e n c y c l o p e d i a
Palaeoniscum (from Greek : παλαιός palaiós , 'ancient' and Greek : ὀνίσκος onískos 'cod-fish' or 'woodlouse')[1] is an extinct genus of ray-finned fish from the Permian period (Guadalupian -Lopingian ) of England, Germany, Turkey, North America and Greenland, and possibly other regions.[2] The genus was named Palaeoniscum in 1818 by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville ,[3] but was later misspelled as Palaeoniscus by Blainville and other authors (notably Louis Agassiz ).[4] Palaeoniscum belongs to the family Palaeoniscidae .
Restoration of Palaeoniscum
P. vratislavensis fossil
The type species Palaeoniscum freieslebeni was named after Johann Carl Freiesleben (1774–1846), mining commissioner of Saxony . P. freieslebeni is the most common taxon in the Wuchiapingian aged Kupferschiefer and Marl Slate , where it constitutes 80% of all fish fossils.[5] The genus is considered to be a poorly defined wastebasket taxon .[6]
Palaeoniscum had a torpedo -shaped body 30 cm (12 in ) in length, with a deeply forked caudal fin and tall dorsal fin , indicating that it was a fast swimmer. It was probably an active predator, feeding on other freshwater fish. Its sharp teeth could be replaced when lost, a trait also seen in modern sharks . Like other early ray-finned fish, Palaeoniscum had air sacs connected to the mouth, which served as a primitive swim bladder .[7]
Several Palaeozoic and Mesozoic species that have been ascribed to the genus Palaeoniscum were later shown to be only distantly related with P. freieslebeni . These species were subsequently removed and transferred to other genera (e.g., Acentrophorus , Aeduella , Paramblypterus , see list below).[8] The allocation of other species to Palaeoniscum (see list below) is often doubtful and mostly based on superficial resemblance with P. freieslebeni .
Palaeoniscum is the name giving taxon of the extinct Palaeonisciformes (or Palaeoniscoidei ), a polyphyletic group comprising several superficially similar looking but not closely related early actinopterygian taxa. Palaeonisciformes is considered a wastebasket taxon by modern taxonomic standards.
Species
[ edit ]
† Palaeoniscum angustum (Rzehak , 1881) [† Palaeoniscas angustus Rzehak, 1881 ]
† Palaeoniscum antipodeum (Egerton, 1864) [† Palaeoniscus antipodeus Egerton, 1864 ]
† Palaeoniscum antiquum Williams, 1886
† Palaeoniscum arenaceum Berger, 1832
† Palaeoniscum capense (Bloom, 1913) [† Palaeoniscus capensis Bloom, 1913 ]
† Palaeoniscum comtum (Agassiz , 1833) [† Palaeoniscus comtus Agassiz, 1833 ]
† Palaeoniscum crassum (Woodward , 1908 ) [† Palaeoniscus crassus Woodward, 1908 ]
† Palaeoniscum daedalium Yankevich & Minich, 1998
† Palaeoniscum devonicum Clarke, 1885
† Palaeoniscum elegans (Sedgwick , 1829) [† Palaeoniscus elegans Sedgwick, 1829 ]
† Palaeoniscum freieslebeni de Blainville , 1818 (type species ) [† Eupalaeoniscus freieslebeni (de Brainville, 1818) ; † Palaeoniscus freieslebeni (de Brainville, 1818) ; † Palaeoniscus macropomus Agassiz, 1833 ; † Palaeoniscus magnus Woodward, 1937 ]
† Palaeoniscum hassiae (Jaekel , 1898) [† Galeocerdo contortus hassiae Jaekel, 1898 ; † Palaeomyzon hassiae (Jaekel, 1898) ]
† Palaeoniscum kasanense Geinitz & Vetter, 1880
† Palaeoniscum katholitzkianum (Rzehak, 1881) [† Palaeoniscas katholitzkianus Rzehak, 1881 ]
† Palaeoniscum landrioti (le Sauvage, 1890) [† Palaeoniscus landrioti le Sauvage, 1890 ]
† Palaeoniscum longissimum (Agassiz, 1833) [† Palaeoniscus longissimus Agassiz, 1833 ]
† Palaeoniscum macrophthalmum (McCoy, 1855) [† Palaeoniscus macrophthalmus McCoy, 1855 ]
† Palaeoniscum moravicum (Rzehak, 1881) [† Palaeoniscas moravicus Rzehak, 1881 ]
† Palaeoniscum promtus (Rzehak, 1881) [† Palaeoniscas promtus Rzehak, 1881 ]
† Palaeoniscum reticulatum Williams, 1886
† Palaeoniscum scutigerum Newberry , 1868
† Palaeoniscum vratislavensis (Agassiz, 1833) [† Palaeoniscus vratislavensis Agassiz, 1833 ]
Species moved to other genera
[ edit ]
† Palaeoniscum abbsi Kirkby, 1862 → †Acentrophorus varians (Kirkby, 1862 )
† Palaeoniscum glaphyrus (Agassiz, 1835 ) [† Palaeoniscus glaphyrus ] Agassiz, 1835 → †Acentrophorus glaphyrus (Agassiz, 1835 )
† Palaeoniscum blainvillei (Agassiz, 1833 ) [† Palaeoniscus blainvillei Agassiz, 1833 ] → †Aeduella blainvillei (Agassiz, 1833 )
† Palaeoniscum gelberti Goldfuss , 1847 → †Paramblypterus duvernoyi (Agassiz, 1833 )
References
[ edit ]
^ Blainville, H.-M. D. (1818). Sur les Ichthyolites, les Poisons Fossiles; Article extrait du Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Histoire Naturelle , vol. 28, Abel Lange, p. 16.
^ Agassiz, Louis (1833–1843). Recherches sur les poissons fossiles . Petitpierre, Neuchâtel.
^ Schaumberg, Günther (1977). "Die Richelsdorfer Kupferschiefer und seine Fossilien, III". Aufschluss . 28 : 297–352.
^ Henderson, Struan; Dunne, Emma M.; Fasey, Sophie A.; Giles, Sam (February 2023). "The early diversification of ray‐finned fishes ( Actinopterygii ): hypotheses, challenges and future prospects" . Biological Reviews . 98 (1 ): 284–315. doi :10.1111/brv.12907 . ISSN 1464-7931 . PMC 10091770 . PMID 36192821 .
^ Palmer, D., ed. (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals . London: Marshall Editions. p. 36. ISBN 1-84028-152-9 .
^ Romano, Carlo; Koot, Martha B.; Kogan, Ilja; Brayard, Arnaud; Minikh, Alla V.; Brinkmann, Winand; Bucher, Hugo; Kriwet, Jürgen (February 2016). "Permian-Triassic Osteichthyes (bony fishes): diversity dynamics and body size evolution". Biological Reviews . 91 (1 ): 106–147. doi :10.1111/brv.12161 . PMID 25431138 . S2CID 5332637 .
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