Papilio bianor, also known as the common peacock, Chinese peacock black swallowtail emerald[1]orChinese peacock or bianor's emperor machaon - is a species of butterfly in the family Papilionidae, the swallowtails.[2] It is native to Continental Asia.[3]
It is the state butterfly of the Indian state of Uttarakhand.[4][5]
This species is variable in size. Individuals emerged in the spring reach 4 to 8 centimeters wide, while those emerged in the summer can reach 12 centimeters.[1] The forewings are black with dark veining and green scales. The undersides are brown, turning white distally with dark veining. The hindwings are tailed and have ridged edges containing reddish eyespots. The body is black with green scales.[3]
The male has black hair on the forewings, which the female lacks.[1]
Using the species as a model to investigate the iridescent colour evolution, phylogeography, and the evolution of swallowtail butterflies a chromosome scale genome has been sequenced, the final assembly being 421.52 Mb in size, with 15,375 protein-coding genes and 30 chromosomes (29 autosomes and 1 Z sex chromosome).[6] Phylogenetic analysis of this data indicating that P. bianor separated from a common ancestor of swallowtails ~23.69–36.04 million years ago.
Bauer E, Frankenbach T (1998). "Part 1: Papilionidae". Schmetterlinge der Erde [Butterflies of the World] (in German). Keltern: Goecke & Evers, Canterbury: Hillside Books. ISBN978-3-931374-62-4.
Igarashi S, Fukuda H (1997). The Life Histories of Asian Butterflies. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Tokai University Press.
Moriue N, Hayashi M (2007). The Handbook of Insects and their Host Plants. Bun-ichi Sougou Shuppan. ISBN978-4-8299-0026-0.
