Paul Fleming (also spelt Flemming; 5 October 1609 – 2 April 1640[1]) was a German physician and poet.
As well as writing notable verse and hymns, he spent several years accompanying the Duke of Holstein's embassies to Russia and Persia. He also lived for a year at Reval on the coast of Estonia, where he wrote many love-songs.
The Thirty Years' War drove Fleming to Holstein,[3] where in 1633 Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, engaged him as physician, courtier and steward. Towards the end of 1633 the Duke sent Fleming with Adam Olearius as a member of an embassy to Russia and the Persian Empire headed by Otto Brüggemann and Philipp Kruse. Fleming was outside Germany for almost six years, much of them in the two foreign empires.[4] Travelling into Russia, Fleming was in an advance party of the embassy which went to Novgorod, where he remained while negotiations went on with the Swedes and the Russians. At the end of July 1634 the ambassadors joined the party, and the embassy proceeded to Moscow, arriving on 14 August. After four months in the capital city, the Holstein embassy departed again for the Baltic on Christmas Eve, 1634, and on 10 January 1635 arrived at Reval (now Tallinn) in Swedish Estonia. While the ambassadors continued to Gottorp some of the party, including Fleming, remained in Reval.[5] In the event, Fleming was there for about a year, during which he organized a poetry circle called "the Shepherds".[6] Not long after his arrival in Reval, Fleming began his courtship of Elsabe Niehus, the daughter of Heinrich Niehus, a merchant originally from Hamburg.[7] He wrote love poems for her, and they became engaged to be married. In 1636 the embassy proceeded to Persia, by way of a further visit to Moscow, and Elsabe was left behind.[8] Fleming's Epistolae ex Persia were four letters in verse written during his time in Persia, between 1636 and 1638.[9] The embassy was at Isfahan in 1637. On returning to Reval, Fleming found that Elsabe had married another man and became engaged to her sister, Anna Niehus.[8][10]
Statue of Fleming at Hartenstein
In 1639 Fleming resumed his medical studies at the University of Leiden, and in 1640 was awarded a doctorate.[8] He settled in Hamburg, where he died on 2 April 1640.
Fleming's well-known poems include Auf den Tod eines Kindes (On the Death of a Child) and Madrigal.[12] A number of his sonnets are about the places he visited in his travels.[6] The only collections published in his lifetime were Rubella seu Suaviorum Liber (1631) and Klagegedichte über das unschuldigste Leiden und Tod unsers Erlösers Jesu Christi (Laments concerning the most innocent Suffering and Death of our Saviour Jesus Christ), printed early in 1632, the second of which begins with an invocation of Melpomene, the Museoftragedy.[13] His Teutsche Poemata (Poems in German), published posthumously in 1642, was later renamed Geistliche und weltliche Gedichte (Spiritual and Secular Poems) and contains many notable love-songs.
Fleming wrote in Latin as well as in German, and his Latin poems were published in a single volume in 1863, edited by Johann Martin Lappenberg.[14] Fleming has been called a man of "real poetic genius",[15] "the only good poet in Germany during the Thirty Years' War",[16] "possibly the greatest German lyric poet of the seventeenth century"[17] and "the German Herrick".[11]Günter Grass has called him "one of the major figures in German seventeenth-century literature".[18]
Klagegedichte über das unschüldigste Leiden undt Tod unsers Erlösers Jesu Christi (Laments concerning the most innocent Suffering and Death of our Saviour Jesus Christ) (1632)
Herbert William Smith, The forms of praise in the German poetry of Paul Fleming (1609–1640) (1956)
Siegfried Scheer, Paul Fleming 1609 – 1640: seine literar-historischen Nachwirkungen in drei Jahrhunderten (1941)
Karen Brand, Diversität der deutschen Liebeslyrik von Paul Fleming (2010)
Gerhard Dünnhaupt: 'Paul Fleming', in Personalbibliographien zu den Drucken des Barock, vol. 2 (Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1990; ISBN3-7772-9027-0), pp. 1490–1513
Eva Dürrenfeld, Paul Fleming und Johann Christian Günther (Tübingen: Winter, 1964)
Heinz Entner, Paul Fleming – Ein deutscher Dichter im Dreißigjährigen Krieg (Leipzig: Verlag Philipp Reclam jun. 1989; ISBN3-379-00486-3)
Maria Cäcilie Pohl, Paul Fleming. Ich-Darstellung, Übersetzungen, Reisegedichte (Münster & Hamburg, 1993)
Hans Pyritz, Paul Flemings Liebeslyrik (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1962)
Konrad Müller, Paul Fleming und das Haus Schönburg (Waldenburg, Saxony: 1939)
^ abJohn Wesley Thomas, German verse from the 12th to the 20th century in English translation (AMS Press, 1966), p. 25
^ abFriedrich Max Müller, Early German classics from the fourth to fifteenth century, vol. 2 (1858), p. 490: Geboren 1609 zu Hartenstein im Voigtlande; besuchte die Schule zu Meissen, und studirte Medicin in Leipzig. Der Dreissigjährige Krieg trieb ihn nach Holstein, wo er sich der Gesandtschaft anschloss...
^ abElena Rannu, The living past of Tallinn (1993), p. 106: "It happened that the German poet Paul Fleming (1609–1640), a doctor by profession, was one of that Holstein Embassy too. Like his comrades, he spent about a year in the town... He organized a poetry group which was called "Shepherds"... Some of Paul Fleming's sonnets were connected directly with Tallinn, others with the places along which the embassy travelled..."
^Karen Brand, Diversität der deutschen Liebeslyrik von Paul Fleming (2010), p. 4: "Vermutlich im März 1635 begann die Liebesbeziehung zu Elsabe Niehus..."
^ abcHans Dieter Betz, Religion past and present (2008), p. 140
^ abEbenezer Cobham Brewer, The political, social, and literary history of Germany (1881), p. 242: "Paul Fleming of Silesia (1609–1640), the "German Herrick," stands; the head of all the lyric poets of the seventeenth century."
^A German treasury (University of Salzburg, 1995), pp. 90–91
^J. M. Lappenberg, ed., Paul Flemings Lateinische Gedichte (Stuttgart, 1863)
^M. F. Reid, A handy manual of German literature (1879), p. 80
^Edward Lowbury, Poetry (Oxford Reference Online accessed 10 January 2012, subscription required), orig. in Stephen Lock, John M. Last, and George Dunea, eds., The Oxford Companion to Medicine (Oxford University Press, 2001)
^ abRichard Stokes, ed., J. S. Bach: the Complete Cantatas, p. viii
^Friedrich Blume, Ludwig Finscher, Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart: allgemeine Enzyklopädie der Musik (1996), p. 304: "David Pohle, 12 Liebesgesänge von Paul Fleming für 2 St."
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "Fleming, Paul". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.
