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Paul James Lioy (May 27, 1947 – July 8, 2015) was a United Statesenvironmental health scientist born in Passaic, New Jersey, working in the field of exposure science. He was one of the world's leading experts in personal exposure to toxins. He published in the areas of air pollution, airborne and deposited particles, Homeland Security, and Hazardous Wastes. Lioy was a professor and division director at the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University - School of Public Health. Until 30 June 2015 he was a professor and vice chair of the Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers University - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. He was deputy director of government relations and director of exposure science at the Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute in Piscataway, New Jersey.
Lioy has been recognized for his research and contributions to development of environmental policy by the International Society of Exposure Analysis (now International Society of Exposure Science) and by the Air & Waste Management Association, both with Lifetime Achievement Awards. Since 2002 he had been one of Information Sciences Institute’s Most Highly Cited Scientists in the Category of Environment and Ecology, and is one of the founders of the International Society of Exposure (Analysis) Science (1989).
2015: Professor, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, school of Public Health, Rutgers, university, Piscataway, NJ
1989–2015: Professor, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School (RWJMS), Piscataway, NJ (formerly UMDNJ)
2000–2015: Professor, Rutgers - School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ (formerly UMDNJ)
1986–2015: Professor, Graduate Faculty of Rutgers University: Department of Environmental Science, Public Health Program, and Toxicology Program, New Brunswick, NJ
1985-1989: Associate Professor, Department of Environmental and Community Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ
1982-1985: Associate Professor, Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York City, NY
1978-1982: Assistant Professor, Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York City, NY
1976- 1978: Lecturer, Department of Civil Environmental Engineering, Polytechnic Institute of New York, New York City, NY
2015: Division Director, School of Public Health, Rutgers
2004–2015: Vice Chair, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers-RWJMS
2003–2015: Deputy Director Government Relations, Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (formerly sponsored by UMDNJ and Rutgers University)
2001-2003: Acting Associate Director, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, UMDNJ-RWJMS and Rutgers University
1999–2015: Co-Director, Center for Exposure and Risk Modeling, EOHSI
1995-2001: Deputy Director, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, UMDNJ-RWJMS and Rutgers University
1994-1995: Acting Deputy Director, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, UMDNJ-RWJMS and Rutgers University
1986–2015: Chief, Exposure Measurement and Assessment Division, DECM of Rutgers-RWJMS
1986–2015: Director, Exposure Science Division, Rutgers Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, (EOHSI) (formerly sponsored by UMDNJ and Rutgers University)
1984-1985: Associate Director, Laboratory of Aerosol and Inhalation Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, NYU Medical Center
1975-1978: Senior Air Pollution Engineer, Interstate Sanitation Commission, New York City, NY
1973-1975: Physical Scientist (part-time) U.S. EPA, Region II, Surveillance and Analysis Division, NJ
2006-2009 and 2012–2105: Adjunct Professor, (volunteer) Department of Environmental and Occupational Health University of Pittsburgh Graduate School Public Health
1996: Visiting Professor, Department of Biometry and Biostatistics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
1990: Visiting Scientist, RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Recipient of Cranford Chamber of Commerce Meritorious Service Award, acknowledged by resolution from the State Legislature, Union County, and Township of Cranford, 2012
Recipient of the Daughters of the American Revolution Founders Award, The Ellen Hardin Walworth Medal for Patriotism, 2009. A Resolution also approved by the New Jersey State Legislature.
Recipient of the National Medal for Conservation from The Daughters of the American Revolution; 2009: Chapter and State of New Jersey Medalist
Recipient of the 2009-2011 Distinguished Lecturer Award from the International Society of Exposure Science, Pasadena, CA, 2008.
Recipient of the 2008 Distinguished Alumnus Award from Physical Sciences, Mathematics and Engineering, Rutgers University Graduate School
Recipient of Frank A. Chambers Award for outstanding achievement in the science and art of air pollution control from the Air Waste Management Association, 2003
Member, U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP) ton children's health of phthalates and phthalate alternatives as used in children's toys and child care articles, 2010–2015
Senior Technical Advisor, Pediatric Environmental Medicine Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 2009 – 2012
Member, Advisory Board of University of Pittsburgh Academic Consortium for Excellence (UPACE) in Environmental Public Health Tracking (EPHT) (in collaboration with Drexel University), 2006 – 2009
Member, Executive Leadership Group of the New Jersey Chemical-Biological-Radiological-Nuclear-Explosive Center for Training and Research at UMDNJ, 2005–2006
Member, University Committee for Environmental Affairs, Rutgers, 2005–2008
Vice-Chair, US EPA, World Trade Center Expert Technical Panel – Indoor Clean-up Issues, 2004–2005
Member, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Cancer Cluster Task Force, 2003–2005
Member, Healthcare Issues Advisory Task Force of NJ, 2002–2004
Member, Harvard University Particulate Matter Center Advisory Committee, 2000–2004
Member, New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, Trenton/Hamilton Processing Center Environmental Clearance Committee (anthrax), 2002–2004
Member, Advisory Committee on NJ Southdown Quarry Exposure/Risk Characterization, 2000–2001
Member, Scientific Advisory Committee, Center for Environmental Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Public Health, 1988–1992
Chairman, NAS, National Research Council Committee on Exposure Assessment, 1987–1990
Member, Scientific Advisory Committee on Harvard Multi-City Acid Health Study, Harvard University, 1987–1993
Member, National Academy of Sciences, Workshop Panel, Health Risks from Exposure to Common Indoor Household Products in Allergic or Diseased Persons, 1987
Member, Canadian Royal Academy of Sciences Committee on Acid Aerosol Health Research, 1987
Member or Consultant, Science Advisory Board Subcommittees, 1984–2001, U.S. EPA: 1. Risk Assessment; 2. Integrated Air Cancer; 3. Integrated Environmental Management Project; 4. Total Exposure Assessment; 5. Clean Air Science Advisory Committee
Member, USEPA, Health Effects, Grant's Peer Review Committee, 1989–1992
Chairman, Peer Review Panel, U.S. EPA Indoor Air Pollution Program, 1984
Member, National Academy of Sciences Committee on Air Pollution Epidemiology, 1983–1985
In 1971, he married the former Jean Yonone and had one son, Jason.
Lioy died on July 8, 2015, after collapsing at Newark Liberty International Airport, aged 68 of undetermined causes. Lioy's survivors included his mother, also named Jean Lioy, a sister, Mary Jean Giannini and two grandchildren.[1]
Kneip TJ, Lioy PJ (eds)., Air Pollution Control Association. 1980. Aerosols, anthropogenic and natural, sources and transport. New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences. ISBN0-89766-064-1
Lioy PJ, Lioy MJY (eds). 1983. Air sampling instruments for evaluation of atmospheric contaminants. 6th ed. Cincinnati, OH: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. ISBN0-936712-43-0
Lioy PJ, Daisey JM (eds). 1987. Toxic air pollution : a comprehensive study of non-criteria air pollutants. Chelsea, MI.: Lewis Publishers. ISBN0-87371-057-6
Lioy PJ. 2010. DUST: The Inside Story of Its Role in the September 11th Aftermath (Foreword By Tom Kean). Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN1-4422-0148-7 (Paperback and E-Book, 2011)
Lioy PJ, Weisel C. 2014. Exposure Science: Basic Principles and Applications. Oxford, UK, Academic Press, Elsevier ISBN978-0124201675
Lioy's reputation evolved primarily based upon his role in developing scientific principles and refining the approaches that define the field of exposure science. This discipline is associated with the field of environmental and occupational health sciences, which includes epidemiology and risk assessment, and prevention. In a 1990 article published in Environmental Science and Technology[3] he was the first to properly locate exposure science as the bridge between traditional environmental sciences and the understanding of human health outcomes. Building upon the work of occupational hygiene and the work of Wayne Ott,[4] Lioy has clearly shown that the most important aspect of total human exposure is whether or not an individual comes into contact with a toxin, discussed in a 2010 review article on exposure science[5] and his recent[when?] book on exposure science.[6] In the latter he has clearly linked external and internal markers of exposure. Thus, prevention is a key part of the application of this field of science. He re-analyzed the work of the "father of occupational medicine", Bernardino Ramazzini who provided the initial reasons for examining contact with an agent to define ways to control occupational illness. This historical analysis can be used to improve the way exposure science evolves in the future.[7] Lioy is also a Fellow of the Collegium Ramazzini.
Lioy has been a central figure in understanding exposure to the air pollutant tropospheric ozone, chloroform and other toxicant exposures from shower water, hexavalent chromium wastes, and most recently, the exposures derived from the dust and smoke released in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001.[8] He has also been a major figure in defining some of the basic data requirements (and providing exposure indices) for examining human exposures within the National Children's Study.[9] He was a Co-Principal Investigator within the portion of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) conducted in five mid-western states, led by Edo Pellizzari of Research Triangle Institute.[10] Currently his research addresses human exposure to engineered nanotechnology consumer products[11][12][13] and the exposure of athletes to artificial turf used on athletic fields. In addition, from 1987 to 1991 he was the chairman of the First National Research Council (NRC) Committee that directly addressed human exposure issues and published Human Exposure to Air Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities," also called "White Book.[14]" He was Vice Chair of the NRC committee on Exposure Science that produced the report entitled "Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy".[15] He was also vice chair of the WTC Technical Panel that was formed to address the issues of residential cleanup during the WTC Aftermath.
During the early 1980s Lioy recognized that the public health metric for defining exposure of the general population to ground level ozone (smog) was incorrect and that the one-hour standard for peak ozone levels should be replaced by an eight-hour standard. Independently, Peter Rombout, RIVM, Netherlands, discovered the same issue. In 1986, they collaborated and published an article on the need for an eight-hour ozone standard.[16] Lioy's group also conducted research on the relationship between ozone exposure and visits to emergency rooms during the summertime. In 2002, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published an eight-hour NAAQS ozone standard based upon the scientific exposure–response evidence from multiple laboratories that exposures to asthmatics and others to eight hours of ozone above 0.80 ppm.[17] This standard for protection of public health was tightened to 0.75 ppm but remains as an 8-hour contact with the air pollutant, and is in final review for a further tightening of the 8-hour standard.[18]
In the 1990s Lioy's laboratory became increasingly focused on dust in the home as a potential metric of exposure to metals and organic compounds. Included was the concurrent scientific issue of the semi-volatility of the materials associated with dust particles. This led to studies that demonstrated that semi-volatile pesticides should not just be considered just residues after application, but as toxin that can be spread throughout the home based process of evaporation and absorption and adsorption. This process was described in an article Published in 1998, and focused on the accumulation of pesticides in children's toys,[19] and ways to protect toys were summarized in popular magazines and web sites. The work was used in revisions of the EPA standards for use of the pesticide chlorpyrifos indoors. The complex issues of dust and semi-volatile toxins in homes were published in 2002 and 2006 review articles.[20][21] Additionally he expanded this work to encompass releases and deposition of many chemicals in carpets and other plush surfaces.[citation needed]
During the late 1980s the state of NJ discovered that wastes from the refining and production of the chrome plated products had been used as apparent Clean fill in various residential settings, and was also had contaminated a number other industrial locations. Lioy conducted a comprehensive study of chromium wastes in Jersey City, including residential exposures and the bioavailability and size distribution if the wastes.[22][23] The work found that similar to current lead problems, the chromium exposures indoors were highly related to the levels found in house dust and not ambient air. In addition the use of dust laden corium as a marker of exposure was extremely valuable in conclusively defining that the removal of the wastes in the residential neighborhoods brought the levels of chromium down to background by the end of 2000.[24] The efforts are continuing in Jersey City and are now using analytical methods perfected at EOHSI to measure the levels of the hexavalent chromium (carcinogenic form) in human blood and in the areas around remaining industrial sites, that are beginning to receive final remediation. Acomprehensive review paper on this work was published by Stern, Gochfeld and Lioy.[25]
In the wake of the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC), Lioy was able to see the dust plumes from his home in Cranford, New Jersey.[1] The major environmental and occupational health related issue during the aftermath of the building collapses was the size range and composition of the dust and smoke that was released during the first hours to days post collapse of the twin towers, and subsequently the dust that had deposited indoors and required cleanup. In collaboration with multiple laboratories, Lioy examined the composition and size distribution of the WTC dust in detail for inorganic, organic and ionic species. The results were published in a 2002 article entitled Characterization of the dust/smoke aerosol that settled east of the WTC in lower Manhattan after the collapse of the WTC September 11, 2001,[26] and have been used to understand the cause of the WTC cough and other health outcomes.[27] In other work that Lioy and colleagues published through 2009, they described the time line of exposure to the local population and workers from the moments after the collapse through December 2001, and pointed out the many lessons that can be learned from the WTC in order to effectively respond to other disasters.[8][28] At the time of his death, he was working with Dr. Philip J. Landrigan et al. of Mount Sinai School of Medicine on the long-term health effects experienced by WTC workers. During the aftermath Lioy was interviewed many times by the Media on WTC Dust related issues from October 2001 through 2011[29] The work of Lioy and his colleagues is mentioned in a book by Anthony Depalma entitled City of Dust: Illness, Arrogance, and 9/11.[30] Lioy published a book on the WTC dust and his experiences entitled Dust: the Inside Story of its Role in the September 11th Aftermath in 2010.[31] In 2009 he received an Ellen Hardin Walworth National Patriotism Medal from the Daughters of the American Revolution for his work on the World Trade Center aftermath.
^ abcFox, Margalit. "Paul Lioy, Scientist Who Analyzed 9/11 Dust and Its Health Effects, Dies at 68", The New York Times, July 11, 2015. Accessed July 12, 2015. "Paul James Lioy was born on May 27, 1947, in Passaic, N.J. He earned a bachelor’s degree in physics from Montclair State College, as it was then known, followed by a master’s degree in the field from Auburn University in Alabama and master’s and doctoral degrees in environmental science from Rutgers.... From his home in Cranford, N.J., Dr. Lioy could see the plumes of dust that rose from the ruins of the trade center towers on Sept. 11, 2001."
^"Paul Lioy receives his MS in physics", Herald News, September 7, 1971. Accessed April 2, 2021, via Newspapers.com. "Paul J. Lioy, son of Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas P. Lioy, 239 Pennington Ave., has been awarded a master of science degree in physics by Auburn (Ala.) University. Lioy, a graduate of Passaic High School, graduated from Montclair State College magna cum laude and was awarded an NDEA Title 4 Fellowship at Auburn University."
^Lioy, PJ (1990). "The analysis of total human exposure for exposure assessment: a multi-discipline science for examining human contact with contaminants". Environmental Science and Technology. 24 (7): 938–945. doi:10.1021/es00077a001.
^Ott, WR (1995). "Human exposure assessment: the birth of a new science". Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 5 (4): 449–472. PMID8938244.
^Lioy PJ, Weisel C. 2014. Exposure Science: Basic Principles and Applications. Oxford, UK: Academic Press, Elsevier.
^Lioy, PJ (2007). "Bernardino Ramazzini: thoughts on his Treatise and linking exposure science and environmental/occupational medicine for prevention or intervention within environmental health". European Journal of Oncology. 12: 69–73.
^Pellizzari, E; Lioy, PJ; Quackenboss, J; Whitmore, R; Clayton, A; Freeman, N; et al. (1995). "The design and implementation of phase I national human exposure assessment study in EPA Region V". Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology. 5: 327–358.
^Lioy PJ. 2006. Employing dynamical and chemical processes for contaminant mixtures outdoors to the indoor environment: the implications for total human exposure analysis and prevention. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 16(3):207-224.
^Lioy, PJ; Freeman, NCG; Wainman, T; et al. (1992). "Microenvironmental analysis of residential exposure to chromium-laden wastes in and around New-Jersey homes". Risk Analysis. 12 (2): 287–299. doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1992.tb00676.x. PMID1502376.
^Kitsa, V; Lioy, PJ; Chow, JC; et al. (1992). "Particle-Size Distribution of Chromium: Total and Hexavalent Chromium in Inspirable, Thoracic, and Respirable Soil Particles from Contaminated Sites in New Jersey". Aerosol Science and Technology. 17 (3): 213–229. Bibcode:1992AerST..17..213K. doi:10.1080/02786829208959572.
