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Peter Hegemann (born 11 December 1954) is a Hertie Senior Research Chair for Neurosciences and a professor of Experimental Biophysics at the Department of Biology , Faculty of Life Sciences , Humboldt University of Berlin , Germany.[3] [4] He is known for his discovery of channelrhodopsin , a type of ion channels regulated by light , thereby serving as a light sensor. This created the field of optogenetics , a technique that controls the activities of specific neurons by applying light. He has received numerous accolades, including the Rumford Prize , the Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine , and the Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research .
Early life and education
[ edit ]
Hegemann was born in Münster in 1954, but grew up in Aachen .[5] Many in his immediate and extended family are doctors, including his parents, brother, and both grandfathers. He was educated in a humanities-oriented gymnasium (humanistisches Gymnasium ) for secondary school, which he disliked for his lack of interest in classical studies .[5] He liked science subjects and was at first interested in discovery of new territories and then in the outer space . Eventually, he went to the University of Münster in 1975 to study chemistry , transferring to the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich two years later to switch to biochemistry .[5]
After graduating in 1980, Hegemann pursued his PhD at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in the research group of Dieter Oesterhelt ,[5] who has just become the Director of the institute.[6] He completed it in 1984.[7]
Career
[ edit ]
Having won a fellowship for his PhD thesis, Hegemann went to Syracuse University in 1985 as a postdoctoral fellow in Kenneth W. Foster's lab for a year. After returning to Germany, he was offered a five-year position as a principal investigator at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry .[8]
In 1993, Hegemann joined the Department of Biochemistry of the University of Regensburg as a professor. He moved to the Humboldt University of Berlin in 2004 and became a professor of Experimental Biophysics .[7] In 2015, he was endowed with a Hertie Senior Research Chair for Neurosciences.[9]
Research
[ edit ]
Hegemann's research into light-gated ion transport began in his PhD years, when he investigated the structure and function of halorhodopsin , an active ion transporter found in a type of archaea called haloarchaea that uses light energy to move chloride ions against the gradient.[10] [11] As part of his PhD project, he characterized this protein in Halobacterium salinarum , discovering that yellow light activates halorhodopsin.[12] [13] When halorhodopsin is expressed in neurons and activated by light, the influx of chloride ions shifts the neuron to more negative electric potential , preventing action potential generation and inactivating the neurons.[14]
A 1984 article by Kenneth W. Foster of Syracuse University suggested that rhodopsins would also serve as light detector in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii .[15] This also prompted Hegemann to spend a year with Foster as a postdoctoral fellow .[16] Hegemann continued characterizing this rhodopsin after returning to Germany. Working on another green alga, he found that it had a fast electrical response (by ion movement through ion channel ) to light stimulation, and proposed that the ion channel and the light-detecting rhodopsin were one single protein complex .[17] [18] [19]
In 2002, collaborating with Georg Nagel and Ernst Bamberg , Hegemann made the landmark identification of the gene for this rhodopsin and named it Channelrhodopsin-1 .[20] The team identified the second channelrhodopsin gene, Channelrhodopsin-2 , the next year.[21] In both studies, they cloned the genes from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and expressed them in the oocytes of African clawed frog . Upon blue light stimulation, electrical currents was detected in the oocytes.[22] When channelrhodopsins are expressed in neurons and stimulated, the ion channel opens so positively charged calcium and sodium ions can enter the neurons, creating a more positive electric potential inside the neurons and activating them. This is the opposite effect of halorhodopsin activation.[23]
The field of optogenetics took off from these discoveries. In 2005, Hegemann reported expressing channelrhodopsin in chicken embryos , their movement can be controlled with light stimulation.[24] This came in the same year as another study by a collaboration between Karl Deisseroth , Edward Boyden , Feng Zhang , Georg Nagel and Ernst Bamberg, which found light could lead to action potential in cultured neurons expressing channelrhodopsin.[25] Teaming up with Deisseroth, Hegemann continued advancing optogenetics by developing rhodopsin variants that could react faster and more accurately,[26] detect different wavelengths of light [27] and conduct different ions.[28] [29]
Using optogenetic techniques, Hegemann and collaborators have confirmed that the unbalanced activity of excitatory and inhibitory neurons causes behavioral deficits of mental disorders .[30]
Honours and awards
[ edit ]
2012 – Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina [32]
2013 – Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize [33]
2013 – Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine [34]
2013 – The Brain Prize [2] [35]
2014 - Member of the European Molecular Biology Organization [36]
2014 – Member of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities [37]
2014 – Member of acatech (German National Academy of Science and Engineering)[38] [39]
2016 – Harvey Prize [40]
2017 – Massry Prize [41]
2018 – Otto Warburg Medal [42]
2018 – Canada Gairdner International Award [43] [44]
2019 - Rumford Prize [45]
2019 – Warren Alpert Foundation Prize [46]
2020 – Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine [47]
2021 – Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research [48]
2022 – Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize [49]
2022 – International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences [50]
2022 – International Member of the National Academy of Sciences [51]
References
[ edit ]
^ "Prof. Peter Hegemann" . Department of Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin . Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022 .
^ "Prof. Dr. Peter Hegemann" . UniSysCat. Archived from the original on 28 December 2022. Retrieved 28 December 2022 .
^ a b c d "Autobiography of Peter Hegemann" . Shaw Prize Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ "Dieter Oesterhelt (1940–2022)" (Press release). Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry . 5 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022 .
^ a b "Peter Hegemann" (PDF) . NeuroCure. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022 .
^ "A curious color change" . Cell . 184 (21 ): 5286–5288. 2021. doi :10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.011 . PMID 34562366 . S2CID 237622462 .
^ "Overview of All Award Winners" . Hertie Foundation. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022 .
^ Kolbe, Michael; Besir, Hüseyin; Essen, Lars-Oliver; Oesterhelt, Dieter (2000). "Structure of the Light-Driven Chloride Pump Halorhodopsin at 1.8 Å Resolution" . Science . 288 (5470): 1390–1396. Bibcode :2000Sci...288.1390K . doi :10.1126/science.288.5470.1390 . PMID 10827943 . Retrieved 15 December 2022 .
^ "Halorhodopsin" . Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022 .
^ Bamberg, E. ; Hegemann, P.; Oesterhelt, D. (1984). "The chromoprotein of halorhodopsin is the light-driven electrogenic chloride pump in Halobacterium halobium" . Biochemistry . 23 (24 ): 6216–6221. doi :10.1021/bi00320a050 . PMID 24409552 . Retrieved 17 December 2022 .
^ Hegemann, P.; Oesterhelt, D.; Steiner, M. (1985). "The photocycle of the chloride pump halorhodopsin. I: Azidecatalyzed deprotonation of the chromophore is a side reaction of photocycle intermediates inactivating the pump" . The EMBO Journal . 4 (9 ): 2347–2350. doi :10.1002/j.1460-2075.1985.tb03937.x . PMC 554508 . PMID 15938053 .
^ "Light switches for nerve cells" . Max Planck Society . 6 April 2010. Archived from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 17 December 2022 .
^ Foster, Kenneth W.; Saranak, Jureepan; Patel, Nayana; Zarilli, Gerald; Okabe, Masami; Kline, Toni; Nakanishi, Koji (1984). "A rhodopsin is the functional photoreceptor for phototaxis in the unicellular eukaryote Chlamydomonas " . Nature . 311 (5988): 756–759. Bibcode :1984Natur.311..756F . doi :10.1038/311756a0 . PMID 649333 . S2CID 4263301 . Retrieved 18 December 2022 .
^ Neuman, Nicole (2021). "Unexpected pairings" . Cell . 184 (21 ): 5289–5292. doi :10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.009 . PMID 34562361 .
^ Braun, Franz-Josef; Hegemann, Peter (1999). "Two Light-Activated Conductances in the Eye of the Green Alga Volvox carteri " . Biophysical Journal . 76 (3 ): 1668–1678. Bibcode :1999BpJ....76.1668B . doi :10.1016/S0006-3495(99 )77326-1 . PMC 1300143 . PMID 10049347 .
^ Conti, Lisa R. (2021). "Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann, and Dieter Oesterhelt receive the 2021 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award" . Journal of Clinical Investigation . 131 (19 ): e154418. doi :10.1172/JCI154418 . PMC 8483750 . PMID 34558419 .
^ Hegemann, Peter; Nagel, Georg (2013). "From channelrhodopsins to optogenetics" . EMBO Molecular Medicine . 5 (2 ): 173–176. doi :10.1002/emmm.201202387 . PMC 3569634 . PMID 23339069 .
^ Nagel, Georg; Ollig, Doris; Fuhrmann, Markus; Kateriya, Suneel; Musti, Anna Maria; Bamberg, Ernst; Hegemann, Peter (2002). "Channelrhodopsin-1: A Light-Gated Proton Channel in Green Algae" . Science . 296 (5577): 2395–2398. Bibcode :2002Sci...296.2395N . doi :10.1126/science.1072068 . PMID 12089443 . S2CID 206506942 . Retrieved 21 December 2022 .
^ Nagel, Georg; Szellas, Tanjef; Huhn, Wolfram; Kateriya, Suneel; Adeishvili, Nona; Berthold, Peter; Ollig, Doris; Hegemann, Peter; Bamberg, Ernst (2003). "Channelrhodopsin-2, a directly light-gated cation-selective membrane channel" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 100 (24 ): 13940–13945. Bibcode :2003PNAS..10013940N . doi :10.1073/pnas.1936192100 . PMC 283525 . PMID 14615590 .
^ Friedman, Jeffery M. (2021). "How the discovery of microbial opsins led to the development of optogenetics" . Cell . 184 (21 ): 5266–5270. doi :10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.022 . PMID 34562360 . S2CID 237622465 .
^ Häusser, Michael (2021). "Optogenetics – The Might of Light" (PDF) . The New England Journal of Medicine . 385 (17 ): 1623–1626. doi :10.1056/NEJMcibr2111915 . PMID 3456973 . S2CID 237941581 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022 .
^ Li, Xiang; Gutierrez, Davina V.; Hanson, M. Gartz; Han, Jing; Mark, Melanie D.; Chiel, Hillel; Hegemann, Peter; Landmesser, Lynn T. ; Herlitze, Stefan (2005). "Fast noninvasive activation and inhibition of neural and network activity by vertebrate rhodopsin and green algae channelrhodopsin" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 102 (49 ): 17816–17821. Bibcode :2005PNAS..10217816L . doi :10.1073/pnas.0509030102 . PMC 1292990 . PMID 16306259 .
^ Boyden, Edward S. ; Zhang, Feng ; Bamberg, Ernst; Nagel, Georg; Deisseroth, Karl (2005). "Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity" . Nature Neuroscience . 8 (9 ): 1263–1268. doi :10.1038/nn1525 . PMID 16116447 . S2CID 6809511 . Retrieved 28 December 2022 .
^ Gunaydin, Lisa A. ; Yizhar, Ofer; Berndt, André; Sohal, Vikaas S.; Deisseroth, Karl; Hegemann, Peter (2010). "Ultrafast optogenetic control" (PDF) . Nature Neuroscience . 13 (3 ): 387–392. doi :10.1038/nn.2495 . PMID 20081849 . S2CID 7457755 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ Zhang, Feng; Prigge, Matthias; Beyrière, Florent; Tsunoda, Satoshi P.; Mattis, Joanna; Yizhar, Ofer; Hegemann, Peter; Deisseroth, Karl (2008). "Red-shifted optogenetic excitation: a tool for fast neural control derived from Volvox carteri" . Nature Neuroscience . 11 (6 ): 631–633. doi :10.1038/nn.2120 . PMC 2692303 . PMID 18432196 .
^ Wietek, Jonas; Wiegert, J. Simon; Adeishvili, Nona; Schneider, Franziska; Watanabe, Hiroshi; Tsunoda, Satoshi P.; Vogt, Arend; Elstner, Marcus; Oertner, Thomas G.; Hegemann, Peter (25 April 2014). "Conversion of Channelrhodopsin into a Light-Gated Chloride Channel" . Science . 344 (6182): 409–412. Bibcode :2014Sci...344..409W . doi :10.1126/science.1249375 . ISSN 0036-8075 . PMID 24674867 .
^ Fernandez Lahore, Rodrigo G.; Pampaloni, Niccolò P.; Schiewer, Enrico; Heim, M.-Marcel; Tillert, Linda; Vierock, Johannes; Oppermann, Johannes; Walther, Jakob; Schmitz, Dietmar; Owald, David; Plested, Andrew J. R.; Rost, Benjamin R.; Hegemann, Peter (21 December 2022). "Calcium-permeable channelrhodopsins for the photocontrol of calcium signalling" . Nature Communications . 13 (1 ): 7844. Bibcode :2022NatCo..13.7844F . doi :10.1038/s41467-022-35373-4 . ISSN 2041-1723 . PMC 9772239 . PMID 36543773 .
^ Yizhar, Ofer; Fenno, Lief E.; Prigge, Matthias; Schneider, Franziska; Davidson, Thomas J.; O’Shea, Daniel J.; Sohal, Vikaas S.; Goshen, Inbal; Finkelstein, Joel; Paz, Jeanne T.; Stehfest, Katja; Fudim, Roman; Ramakrishnan, Charu; Huguenard, John R.; Hegemann, Peter; Deisseroth, Karl (2011). "Neocortical excitation/inhibition balance in information processing and social dysfunction" . Nature . 477 (7363): 171–178. Bibcode :2011Natur.477..171Y . doi :10.1038/nature10360 . PMC 4155501 . PMID 21796121 .
^ "Ninth Annual Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences Awarded to Dr. Peter Hegemann, Dr. Georg Nagel, and Dr. Ernst Bamberg" (Press release). Wiley Foundation. 1 February 2010. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ "Prof. Dr. Peter Hegemann" . German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina . Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ "Liste der mit dem Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz-Preis Ausgezeichneten" (PDF) (in German). German Research Foundation . Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ "Professor Peter HEGEMANN" . Louis-Jeantet Foundation . October 2017. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ Reiner, Andreas; Isacoff, Ehud Y. (2013). "The Brain Prize 2013: the optogenetics revolution" . Trends in Neurosciences . 36 (10 ): 557–560. doi :10.1016/j.tins.2013.08.005 . PMID 24054067 . S2CID 205404606 . Retrieved 27 December 2022 .
^ "Peter Hegemann" . European Molecular Biology Organization . Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ "Peter Hegemann" (in German). Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022 .
^ "Prof. Dr. Peter Hegemann" . acatech . Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ "HU-Wissenschaftler in die Deutsche Akademie der Technikwissenschaften aufgenommen" (Press release) (in German). Humboldt University of Berlin . 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ "Prize Winners" . Technion – Israel Institute of Technology . Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ "Massry Prize Winners ( 1996 – Present )" . University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine . Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ "Previous Laureates" . German Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ "Peter Hegemann" . Gairdner Foundation . Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022 .
^ Josselyn, Sheena A. (2018). "2018 Gairdner Awards: The past, present and future of light-gated ion channels and optogenetics" . eLife . 7 : e42367. doi :10.7554/eLife.42367 . PMC 6197853 . PMID 30343681 .
^ "Rumford Prize Awarded for the Invention and Refinement of Optogenetics" (Press release). American Academy of Arts and Sciences . 30 January 2019. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022 .
^ "Peter Hegemann" . Warren Alpert Foundation Prize . Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022 .
^ "The 2020 Prize in Life Science & Medicine" . Shaw Prize Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ "Light-sensitive microbial proteins and optogenetics" . Lasker Foundation . Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022 .
^ "Karl Deisseroth, Peter Hegemann and Gero Miesenböck Awarded Horwitz Prize for Foundational Work on Optogenetics" . Columbia University Irving Medical Center . 7 September 2022. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022 .
^ "Peter Hegemann" . American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022 .
^ "Peter Hegemann" . National Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022 .
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