Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly called polyvidoneorpovidone, is a water-soluble polymer compound made from the monomerN-vinylpyrrolidone.[1] PVP is available in a range of molecular weights and related viscosities, and can be selected according to the desired application properties.[2]
Structure of povidone-iodine complex, a common antiseptic[3]
There are high-purity injectable grades of PVP available on the market, for specific use in intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous applications.[4]
It is used as a binder in many pharmaceutical tablets;[5] it simply passes through the body when taken orally.
PVP added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties.[6] This complex is used in various products such as solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps, and surgical scrubs. It is sold under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among others.
It is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone-iodine is as effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of its easy availability and low cost.[7]
PVP is used in some contact lenses and their packaging solutions. It reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or wetting agent, built into the lens. Examples of this use include Bausch & Lomb's Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology[8] and Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called "copolymer 845").[9]
PVP is used as a lubricant in some eye drops, e.g. Bausch & Lomb's Soothe.[10]
PVP was used as a plasmavolume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s. It is not preferred as a volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.
Autopsies have found that crospovidone (PVPP) contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.[11] The long-term effects of crospovidone or povidone within the lung are unknown.
as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (syrups, soft gelatine capsules) and as an inhibitor of recrystallisation[14]
as an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer [citation needed]
as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in DOSY NMR[15]
as a surfactant, reducing agent, shape controlling agent and dispersant in nanoparticle synthesis and their self-assembly[16]
as a stabilizing agent in all inorganic solar cells[17]
PVP binds to polar molecules exceptionally well, owing to its polarity. This has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for inkjet printers.
In in-vitro fertilisation laboratories, polyvinylpyrrolidone is used to slow down spermatozoa in order to capture them for e.g. ICSI.
Inmolecular biology, PVP can be used as a blocking agent during Southern blot analysis as a component of Denhardt's buffer. It is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification. Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.
Inmicroscopy, PVP is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.[20]
PVP can be used to screen for phenolic properties, as referenced in a 2000 study on the effect of plant extracts on insulin production.[21]
However, there have been documented cases of allergic reactions to PVP/povidone, particularly regarding subcutaneous (applied under the skin) use and situations where the PVP has come in contact with autologous serum (internal blood fluids) and mucous membranes.
A woman had experienced urticaria (hives) from various hair products, later found to contain PVP. The woman had an anaphylactic response after povidone-iodine solution was applied internally during a surgery. She was found to be allergic to PVP.[24]
Additionally, Povidone is commonly used in conjunction with other chemicals. Some of these, such as iodine, are blamed for allergic responses. Yet subsequent testing results in some patients show no signs of allergy to the suspect chemical. Allergies attributed to these other chemicals may possibly be caused by the PVP instead.[26][27]
PVP is soluble in water and other polar solvents. For example, it is soluble in various alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol,[28] as well as in more exotic solvents like the deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and urea (Relin).[29] When dry it is a light flaky hygroscopic powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water. In solution, it has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films. This makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings.
A 2014 study found fluorescent properties of PVP and its oxidized hydrolyzate.[30]
PVP was first synthesized by BASF chemist Walter Reppe, and a patent was filed in 1939 for one of the derivatives of acetylene chemistry. PVP was initially used as a blood plasma substitute and later in a wide variety of applications in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and industrial production.[31][32] BASF continues to make PVP, including a pharmaceutical portfolio under the brand name of Kollidon.[33]
^Das SK, Saha SK, Das A, Halder AK, Banerjee SN, Chakraborty M (2008). "A study of comparison of efficacy and safety of talc and povidone iodine for pleurodesis of malignant pleural effusions". Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 106 (9): 589–90, 592. PMID19552086.
^Swei, J.; Talbot, J. B. (2006). "Development of high-definition aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone photoresists for cathode ray tubes". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 102 (2): 1637–1644. doi:10.1002/app.23950.
^Fischer, Frank & Bauer, Stephan (2009). "Ein Polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP): ein vielseitiges Spezialpolymer – Verwendung in der Keramik und als Metallabschreckmedium". Keramische Zeitschrift. 61 (6): 382–385.
^Göthlich, Alexander; Koltzenburg, Sebastian; Schornick, Gunnar (2005). "Funktionale Polymere im Alltag: Vielseitig". Chemie in unserer Zeit. 39 (4): 262–273. doi:10.1002/ciuz.200400346.
^Lillie RD & Fullmer HM (1976) Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 411. ISBN0-07-037862-2.
^Broadhurst, C. Leigh; Polansky, Marilyn M; Anderson, Richard A (March 2, 2000). "Insulin-like Biological Activity of Culinary and Medicinal Plant Aqueous Extracts in Vitro". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48 (3): 849–52. doi:10.1021/jf9904517. PMID10725162.
^Inactive Ingredients in FDA Approved Drugs. FDA/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Division of Labeling and Program Support. Database Update Frequency: Quarterly. Data Through: January 6, 2010. Database Last Updated: January 13, 2010 – search on povidone for list of approved items
^Yoshida K, Sakurai Y, Kawahara S, et al. (2008). "Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone in povidone-iodine for impetigo contagiosum in a boy with atopic dermatitis". International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 146 (2): 169–73. doi:10.1159/000113522. PMID18204285. S2CID25078233.
^Adachi A, Fukunaga A, Hayashi K, Kunisada M, Horikawa T (March 2003). "Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone after vaginal application of povidone-iodine". Contact Dermatitis. 48 (3): 133–6. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.00050.x. PMID12755725. S2CID22975127.
^Rönnau AC, Wulferink M, Gleichmann E, et al. (November 2000). "Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone in an analgesic preparation". The British Journal of Dermatology. 143 (5): 1055–8. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03843.x. PMID11069520. S2CID10543466.
^Wohlfarth, C (2010). "Thermodynamic Properties of Polymer Solutions.". Landolt-Börnstein, New Series, Group VIII, Volume 6D. Landolt-Börnstein - Group VIII Advanced Materials and Technologies. Vol. 6D2. Springer Verlag. pp. 1266–1267. Bibcode:2010LanB..6D2.1266W. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-02890-8_752. ISBN978-3-642-02889-2.
^Fischer, Frank; Bauer, Stephan (2009). "Polyvinylpyrrolidon. Ein Tausendsassa in der Chemie". Chemie in unserer Zeit. 43 (6): 376–383. doi:10.1002/ciuz.200900492.
