Pontederia cordata, common namepickerelweed (USA) or pickerel weed (UK), is a monocotyledonousaquatic plantnative to the Americas. It grows in a variety of wetlands, including pond and lake margins across an extremely large range from eastern Canada south to Argentina. A few examples include northern rivers,[3] the Everglades[4] and Louisiana.[5]
The species grows as an emergent plant, that is, in flooded conditions, so the plant is generally dependent upon aerenchyma in the stem to carry oxygen into the roots. Its metabolism is, however, also tolerant of low soil oxygen.[6] It is often found in areas where water levels fluctuate naturally, with spring flooding and later summer emergence. Apart from flooding, the species is also influenced by soil fertility, tending to grow in the more fertile bays of large lakes, for example. Like many aquatic plants, it is negatively affected by salinity and grazing.[7] It is also negatively affected by competition from other wetland plants.[8] Like many wetland plants, it can survive unfavorable conditions as buried seeds in the soil.[9]
The plant flowers in late summer. The purple flowers have yellow markings which may assist in attracting bees for pollination.[10] Two species known to pollinate the flowers are Melissodes apicatus and Dufourea novaeangliae.[11][12]
Once the plant begins to produce seeds, the stem supporting the inflorescence bends to submerge the fruits and seeds.[7] Seeds are dormant at the time of dispersal and will not germinate without stratification for 6–8 weeks.[9]
The flowers of the species are tristylous, meaning the styles of individual plants occur in three different morphs, with most populations containing all three. Leaf shape, which varies considerably across populations, within populations, and even within individuals, has been the source for many taxonomic synonyms.[13] Like many wetland and aquatic plants, the species can reproduce asexually by means of branching rhizomes, and hence can form large clonal stands.[11]
^Day, R. T., Keddy, P. A., McNeill, J., and Carleton, T. (1988). Fertility and disturbance gradients: a summary model for riverine marsh vegetation. Ecology, 69, 1044–54.
^Loveless, C. M. (1959). A study of the vegetation in the Florida everglades. Ecology, 40, 1–9.
^Keddy, P. A., Campbell, D., McFalls T., Shaffer, G., Moreau, R., Dranguet, C., and Heleniak, R. (2007). The wetlands of lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas: past, present and future. Environmental Reviews, 15, 1–35.
^Laing, H. E. (1940). Respiration of the rhizomes of Nuphar advenum and other water plants. American Journal of Botany, 27, 574–81.
^ abKeddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p
^Geho, E. M., Campbell, D., and Keddy, P. A. (2007). Quantifying ecological filters: the relative impact of herbivory, neighbours, and sediment on an oligohaline marsh. Oikos, 116, 1006–16.
^ abWhigham, Dennis F. and Robert L. Simpson. 1982. Germination and dormancy studies of Pontederia cordata L. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 109: 524–528.
^Sculthorpe, C. D. (1967). The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. Reprinted 1985 Edward Arnold, by London. p. 280.
^ abHutchinson, G. E. (1975). A Treatise on Limnology, Vol. 3, Limnological Botany. New York: John Wiley. p.229.
^Mitchell, T. B. (1962). Bees of the Eastern United States. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 152(2): 1–557.
^Adanson, Narukila; Rafinesque, Umsema; Rafinesque, Unisema (2002), "Pontederia cordata", Flora of North America, vol. 26, Oxford University Press, p. 45
^Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 711. ISBN0-394-50432-1.
^Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 130. ISBN978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC244766414.
