Portal:1990s

The 1990s Portal

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The 1990s (pronounced "nineteen-nineties"; shortened to "the '90s") was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on 1 January 1990, and ended on 31 December 1999.

Culturally, the 1990s are characterized by the rise of multiculturalism and alternative media, which continues into the present day. Movements such as hip hop, the rave scene and grunge spread around the world to young people during that decade, aided by then-new technology such as cable television and the World Wide Web.

In the absence of world communism, which collapsed in the first two years of the decade, the 1990s was politically defined by a movement towards the right-wing, including increase in support for far-right parties in Europe^[1] as well as the advent of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party^[2] and cuts in social spending in the United States,^[3] Canada,^[4] New Zealand,^[5] and the UK.^[6] The United States also saw a massive revival in the use of the death penalty in the 1990s, which reversed in the early 21st century.^[7] During the 1990s the character of the European Union and Euro were formed and codified in treaties.

A combination of factors, including the continued mass mobilization of capital markets through neo-liberalism, the thawing of the decades-long Cold War, the beginning of the widespread proliferation of new media such as the Internet from the middle of the decade onwards, increasing skepticism towards government, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a realignment and reconsolidation of economic and political power across the world and within countries. The dot-com bubble of 1997–2000 brought wealth to some entrepreneurs before its crash between 2000 and 2001.

The 1990s saw extreme advances in technology, with the World Wide Web, the first gene therapy trial, and the first designer babies^[8] all emerging in 1990 and being improved and built upon throughout the decade.

New ethnic conflicts emerged in Africa, the Balkans, and the Caucasus, the former two which led to the Rwandan and Bosnian genocides, respectively. Signs of any resolution of tensions between Israel and the Arab world remained elusive despite the progress of the Oslo Accords, though The Troubles in Northern Ireland came to a standstill in 1998 with the Good Friday Agreement after 30 years of violence.^[9]

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The Pentium (also referred to as the i586) is a x86 microprocessor introduced by Intel on March 22, 1993. It is the first CPU using the Pentium brand. Considered the fifth generation in the 8086 compatible line of processors, its implementation and microarchitecture was internally called P5.

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• ... that Collingwood coach Robert Harvey gave Anton Tohill his AFL debut in 2021, having played International Rules Series against Tohill's father in the 1990s?

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Tupac Amaru Shakur (/ˈtuːpɑːk ʃəˈkʊər/ TOO-pahk shə-KOOR; born Lesane Parish Crooks; June 16, 1971 – September 13, 1996), also known by his stage names 2Pac and Makaveli, was an American rapper, activist and songwriter. Considered to be one of the most influential and greatest rappers of all time, academics regard him as one of the most influential music artists of the 20th century and also a politically conscious activist voice for Black America.. Shakur is among the best-selling music artists, having sold more than 75 million records worldwide. His lyrical content has been noted for addressing social injustice, political issues, and the marginalization of African-Americans, but he was also synonymous with gangsta rap and violent lyrics.

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  Image 1Nintendo 64 (1996) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 2Alanis Morissette (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 3Microsoft SideWinder Force Feedback Pro (1997) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 4Game Boy Color (1998) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 5Korn, 1997 (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 6Grunge band Nirvana in 1992 (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 7Red Hot Chili Peppers (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 8Yitzhak Rabin (from 1990s)
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  Image 9PlayStation (1994) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 10Gloria Estefan (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 11Butterfly and floral clips, worn in the mid and late 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 12Razer Boomslang (first gaming mouse, 1999) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 13Actress Paula Abdul wearing semi-transparent black dress, curled hair and smoky eye makeup, 1990. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 14Block-heeled shoes, popular from 1995 to 2001. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 15Nelson Mandela voting in 1994, after thirty years of imprisonment. (from 1990s)
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  Image 16Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, United States President Bill Clinton, and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat during the signing of the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993. (from 1990s)
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  Image 17Dreamcast (1998) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 18Kurt Cobain, 1992. He wears grunge clothing, popular from 1991 to 1996. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 19D'Angelo is considered a key pioneer of the neo-soul movement. (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 20Cargo pants. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 21Baseball jackets were popular among hip-hop fans in the mid-1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 22Neo Geo (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 23Jonathan Brandis in a Grunge-style flannel shirt and curtained hair in 1993 (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 24Hubble Space Telescope. (from 1990s)
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  Image 25Chokers, popular in the mid- and late-1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 26Galaxian3: Project Dragoon (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 27Metal Slug (arcade, 1996) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 28Long maxi skirt in a Liberty floral print. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 29Red and cream Indian woman's saree, late 1990s (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 30Eurostar logo 1994–2011 (from 1990s)
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  Image 31Game.com (1997) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 32Trio in 1995 wearing neutral-colored tops and relaxed-fit, slim-leg pants and jeans. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 33Atari Jaguar (1993) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 34Actress Liv Tyler sporting a pixie cut, 1998 (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 35Thalía rose to fame as a member of the musical group Timbiriche. (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 36US, Canadian, and Mexican dignitaries initialing the draft North American Free Trade Agreement in October 1992 (from 1990s)
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  Image 37Seinfeld, which premiered on NBC in 1989, became a commercial success and cultural phenomenon by 1993. (from 1990s)
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  Image 38Go-go boots became fashionable again in 1995. They were worn by women of the hip-hop, alternative, and dance subcultures. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 39Big Bad Voodoo Daddy (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 40Nine Inch Nails, 2005 (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 41Group of high school students, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 42Young woman standing on sidewalk, Uptown New Orleans, 1992. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 43Pavement (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 44Example of 1990s men's and women's fashion, 1994 (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 45An "I Believe Anita Hill" button pin in support of her sexual harassment allegations against U.S. Supreme Court nominee Clarence Thomas. Hill testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee arguing against the confirmation of Thomas. (from 1990s)
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  Image 46The Dow Jones Index of the 1990s (from 1990s)
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  Image 47Woman wearing a crop top and bell-bottoms, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 48Blink-182 performing in 1995, whose 1999 album Enema of The State became a pivotal moment for contemporary pop punk (from 1990s)
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  Image 49The catsuit became a trend in the late 1990s. Normally made of latex, PVC, or spandex, it was often worn with high-heeled boots. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 50Game Boy Pocket (1996) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 51Oasis were the biggest band of the 1990s Britpop scene and the only band to make a significant impact in the US market. (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 52Moby, 2009 (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 53Church members exhibiting assorted fashion trends. Amman, 1998. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 54Garth Brooks (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 55From top left, clockwise: The Hubble Space Telescope orbits the Earth after it was launched in 1990; American jets fly over burning oil fields in the 1991 Gulf War; the Oslo Accords on 13 September 1993; the World Wide Web gains massive popularity worldwide; Boris Yeltsin greets crowds after the failed August Coup, which leads to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991; Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell; the funeral processionofDiana, Princess of Wales, who died in a 1997 car crash, and was mourned by millions; hundreds of thousands of Tutsi people are killed in the Rwandan genocide of 1994 (from 1990s)
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  Image 56A pair of British Knights. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 57Pearl Jam is an American rock band formed in 1990 in Seattle, Washington. (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 58Sasha using Ableton Live at a nightclub. (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 59Women's side gusset shoes were popular among preppy and hip-hop subcultures in the mid- to late-1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 60Swedish teenager with mullet haircut and abstract jumper, 1991. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 61The logo created by The President's Council on the Year 2000 Conversion, for use on Y2K.gov (from 1990s)
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  Image 62The Smashing Pumpkins (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 63Bob cuts were favored by women. (Saffron, 1996) (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 64Sega Saturn (1994) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 65African-American teenager with Hitop fade, popular in the early 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 66Slip dresses first became widely worn in the mid-1990s, as part of the underwear-as-outerwear trend. (Jane Leeves, 1995) (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 67The compact disc reached its peak in popularity in the 1990s, and not once did another audio format surpass the CD in music sales from 1991 throughout the remainder of the decade. By 2000, the CD accounted for 92.3% of the entire market share in regard to music sales. (from 1990s)
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  Image 68Nude and darker shades of lipstick seemed popular throughout the decade. (Fran Drescher, 1996) (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 69Woman with what would come be known as the Rachel haircut, early 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 70Women's rights demonstration in Paris, November 1995 (from 1990s)
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  Image 71Maná in concert. (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 72Lois McMaster Bujold with pixie cut and denim western shirt, 1996. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 73A man wearing a power suit, popular in the European workplace. The suit jacket is double-breasted with large shoulder pads. Photograph taken in 1998. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 74Blue wide-leg jeans. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 75Woman wearing a polo shirt with a popped collar. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 76Acid washed jean shorts with grunge and hippie inspired DIY slogans and pictures. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 77The crash site of El Al Flight 1862 in 1992. (from 1990s)
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  Image 78ADassault Falcon 50 similar to the one shot down in the assassinationofJuvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira (from 1990s)
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  Image 79Bush and Gorbachev at the 1990 Helsinki summit. (from 1990s)
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  Image 80Model wearing a midriff shirt, a silver necklace, low ponytail and straight-leg leggings, 1999. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 81The 1999 İzmit earthquake, which occurred in northwestern Turkey, killed 17,217 and injured 43,959. (from 1990s)
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  Image 82Young man in 1995, sporting a short undercut hairstyle. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 83Friends, which premiered on NBC in 1994 became one of the most popular sitcoms of all time. From left, clockwise: Lisa Kudrow, Jennifer Aniston, Courteney Cox, Matthew Perry, Matt LeBlanc, and David Schwimmer, the six main actors of Friends. (from 1990s)
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  Image 84Natalie Imbruglia, 2015 (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 85Dutch high school prom, 1994. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 86Dixie Chicks (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 87Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 88Converse All Stars, popular in the early 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 89The Nasdaq Composite displaying the dot-com bubble, which ballooned between 1997 and 2000. The bubble peaked on Friday, 10 March 2000. (from 1990s)
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  Image 90Dancers at the 1992 Snoqualmie Moondance FestivalinSnoqualmie, Washington. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 91Luis Miguel, first Latin idol of the decade (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 92Garage punk band, 1997 (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 93Dance Dance Revolution (1998) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 94Two women wearing bandanas, 1999. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 95Slap bracelet worn by young girls in the early 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 96Black Barbour bucket hat. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 97Thrustmaster T2 (1996) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 98Green Day, 2010 (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 99Boris Yeltsin and Bill Clinton share a laugh in October 1995. (from 1990s)
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  Image 100Bomber jacket with orange lining, popular from the mid- to late-1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 101In 1994, Lisa Loeb became the first artist to score a No. 1 hit with "Stay (I Missed You)" before signing to any record label. (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 102Swedish hip-hop fans watch Public Enemy perform in 1991. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 103Crowd of rave-goers, 1995. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 104Woman dressed in black maxi skirt, top and hat, 1995. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 105US First Lady Hillary Clinton wearing a straw hat, 1995. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 106Electronic musician and DJ James Lavelle dressed in club attire, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 107Dolly the sheep is the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell. (from 1990s)
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  Image 108Flag map of the world from 1992 (from 1990s)
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  Image 109Pagers became widely popular. (from 1990s)
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  Image 110A pair of Eurostar trains at the former Waterloo International since moved to St Pancras International (from 1990s)
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  Image 111Typical late 1990s fashions, 1997. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 112Miniature model from MS Estonia (from 1990s)
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  Image 113Michael Jordan, the most popular NBA player of the 1990s. (from 1990s)
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  Image 114A typical early 1990s personal computer. (from 1990s)
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  Image 115Rwandan genocide: Genocide victims in Murambi Technical School. Estimates put the death toll of the Rwandan genocide as high as 800,000 people. (from 1990s)
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  Image 116Executive council building burns in Sarajevo after being hit by Bosnian Serb artillery in the Bosnian War. (from 1990s)
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  Image 117The highest-grossing film of the decade was James Cameron's Titanic (1997), which remains one of the highest-grossing films of all time. (from 1990s)
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  Image 118Group of young children displaying various fashion trends. Amman, 1998. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 119The federal building that was bombed in the Oklahoma City bombing two days after the bombing, viewed from across the adjacent parking lot. (from 1990s)
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  Image 120Virtual Boy (1995) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 121The German electronic rock duo Das Ich, 1993. Their aspect shows the influence of the goth look which returned in the 1990s. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 1223DO Interactive Multiplayer (1993) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 123Example of late 1990s gothic fashion. (from 1990s in fashion)
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  Image 124Street Fighter II (arcade, 1991) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 125An early portable CD player, a Sony Discman model D121. (from 1990s)
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  Image 126Game Gear (1990) (from 1990s in video games)
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  Image 127Tim McGraw (from 1990s in music)
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  Image 128Mobile phones gained massive popularity worldwide during the decade. (from 1990s)

1990s films - load new batch

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  Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is based on the 1756 fairy talebyJeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont, in turn an abridged version of the 1740 story by Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve. The film also incorporates ideas from the 1946 French film directed by Jean Cocteau. The film was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise (in their feature directorial debuts), and produced by Don Hahn, from a screenplay by Linda Woolverton.
  
  Beauty and the Beast focuses on the relationship between the Beast, a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance and cruelty, and Belle, a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle in exchange for her father's freedom. To break the curse, the Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return before the last petal from an enchanted rose falls, or else he will remain a monster forever. The film stars Paige O'Hara and Robby Benson as the voices of Belle and the Beast, respectively, as well as the ensemble voices of Richard White, Jerry Orbach, David Ogden Stiers, Jesse Corti, Rex Everhart, Jo Anne Worley, and Angela Lansbury. (Full article...)

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  Fantasia 2000 is a 1999 American animated musical anthology film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Produced by Roy E. Disney and Donald W. Ernst, it is the sequel to Disney's 1940 animated feature film Fantasia. Like its predecessor, Fantasia 2000 consists of animated segments set to pieces of classical music. Segments are introduced by celebrities including Steve Martin, Itzhak Perlman, Quincy Jones, Bette Midler, James Earl Jones, Penn & Teller, James Levine, and Angela Lansbury in live action scenes directed by Don Hahn.
  
  After numerous unsuccessful attempts to develop a Fantasia sequel, The Walt Disney Company revived the idea shortly after Michael Eisner became chief executive officer in 1984. Development paused until the commercial success of the 1991 home video release of Fantasia convinced Eisner that there was enough public interest and funds for a sequel, to which he assigned Disney as executive producer. The music for six of the film's eight segments is performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Levine. The film includes The Sorcerer's Apprentice from the 1940 original. Each new segment was produced by combining traditional animation with computer-generated imagery. Fantasia 2000 is also generally linked to the Disney Renaissance, as it commemorates Walt Disney's third animated feature film. (Full article...)

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  The World Is Not Enough is a 1999 spy film, the nineteenth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions and the third to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It was directed by Michael Apted, from an original story and screenplay by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade, and Bruce Feirstein. It was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli. The title is the translation of the motto on the Bond family coat of arms, first seen in On Her Majesty's Secret Service.
  
  The film's plot revolves around the assassination of billionaire Sir Robert King by the terrorist Renard, and Bond's subsequent assignment to protect King's daughter Elektra, who was previously held for ransom by Renard. During his assignment, Bond unravels a scheme to increase petroleum prices by triggering a nuclear meltdown in the waters of Istanbul. (Full article...)

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  The Truman Show is a 1998 American psychological comedy drama film written and co-produced by Andrew Niccol, and directed by Peter Weir.
  
  The film is the story of Truman Burbank (played by Jim Carrey), a man who is unaware that he is living his entire life on a colossal soundstage, and that it is being filmed and broadcast as a reality television show which has a huge international following. All of his friends and family and members of his community are paid actors whose job it is to sustain the illusion and keep Truman in the dark about the fiction he is living. (Full article...)

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  Radioland Murders is a 1994 American comedy thriller film directed by Mel Smith and executive produced by George Lucas from a story by Lucas. Radioland Murders is set in the 1939 atmosphere of old-time radio and pays homage to the screwball comedy films of the 1930s. The film tells the story of writer Roger Henderson trying to settle relationship issues with his wife Penny while dealing with a whodunit murder mystery in a radio station. The film stars an ensemble cast, including Brian Benben, Mary Stuart Masterson, Scott Michael Campbell, Michael Lerner, and Ned Beatty. Radioland Murders also features numerous small roles and cameo appearances, including Michael McKean, Bobcat Goldthwait, Jeffrey Tambor, Christopher Lloyd, George Burns (in his final film appearance), Billy Barty, and Rosemary Clooney.
  
  George Lucas began development for the film in the 1970s, originally attached as director for Willard Huyck and Gloria Katz's script, from a story by Lucas. Universal Pictures commenced pre-production and both Steve Martin and Cindy Williams had already been approached for the two leads before Radioland Murders languished in development hell for over 20 years. In 1993, Lucas told Universal that advances in computer-generated imagery from Industrial Light & Magic (owned by Lucasfilm), particularly in digital mattes, would help bring Radioland Murders in for a relatively low budget of about $10 million, which eventually rose to $15 million. Mel Smith was hired to direct and filming lasted from October to December 1993. Radioland Murders was released on October 21, 1994, to negative reviews from critics and bombed at the box office, only grossing $1.37 million in the United States. (Full article...)

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  GoldenEye is a 1995 spy film, the seventeenth in the James Bond Series produced by Eon Productions, and the first to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Directed by Martin Campbell, it was the first in the series not to utilize any story elements from the works of novelist Ian Fleming. GoldenEye was also the first James Bond film not produced by Albert R. Broccoli, following his stepping down from Eon Productions and replacement by his daughter, Barbara Broccoli (along with Michael G. Wilson, although Broccoli was still involved as a consultant producer; it was his final film project before his death in 1996). The story was conceived and written by Michael France, with later collaboration by other writers. In the film, Bond fights to prevent a rogue ex-MI6 agent (Sean Bean) from using a satellite weapon against London to cause a global financial meltdown.
  
  GoldenEye was released after a six-year hiatus in the series caused by legal disputes, during which Timothy Dalton's contract for the role of James Bond expired and he decided to leave the role, so he was replaced by Brosnan. M was also recast, with actress Judi Dench becoming the first woman to portray the character, replacing Robert Brown. The role of Miss Moneypenny was also recast, with Caroline Bliss being replaced by Samantha Bond. Desmond Llewelyn was the only actor to reprise his role, as Q. It was the first Bond film made after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, which provided a background for the plot. Principal photography for GoldenEye took place from January to June of 1995 in the UK, Russia, Monte Carlo and Puerto Rico, and was the inaugural film production to be shot at Leavesden Studios. The first Bond film to use computer-generated imagery (CGI), GoldenEye was also the final film of special effects supervisor Derek Meddings's career, and was dedicated to his memory. (Full article...)

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  The Sweet Hereafter is a 1997 Canadian drama film written and directed by Atom Egoyan, adapted from the 1991 novelbyRussell Banks. It tells the story of a school bus accident in a small town that kills 14 children. A class-action lawsuit ensues, proving divisive in the community and becoming tied with personal and family issues. It stars an ensemble cast featuring Ian Holm, Sarah Polley, Maury Chaykin, Bruce Greenwood, Tom McCamus, Gabrielle Rose, Arsinée Khanjian and Alberta Watson.
  
  The film, inspired by the 1989 Alton, Texas, bus crash, was filmed in British Columbia and Ontario, incorporating a film score with medieval music influences and references to the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. (Full article...)

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  Lost Highway is a 1997 surrealist neo noir film directed by David Lynch and co-written by Lynch and Barry Gifford. It stars Bill Pullman, Patricia Arquette, Balthazar Getty, and Robert Blake in his final film role. The film follows a musician (Pullman) who begins receiving mysterious VHS tapes of him and his wife (Arquette) in their home. He is suddenly convicted of murder, after which he inexplicably disappears and is replaced by a young mechanic (Getty) leading a different life.
  
  Lost Highway was financed by the French production company Ciby 2000 and was largely shot in Los Angeles, where Lynch collaborated with frequent producer Mary Sweeney and cinematographer Peter Deming. The film's surreal narrative structure has been likened to a Möbius strip, while Lynch has described it as a "psychogenic fugue" rather than a conventionally logical story. The film's soundtrack, which was produced by Trent Reznor, features an original score by Angelo Badalamenti and Barry Adamson, as well as contributions from artists including David Bowie, Marilyn Manson, Rammstein, Nine Inch Nails and The Smashing Pumpkins. (Full article...)

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  Surf Ninjas is a 1993 American comedic family film involving martial arts, directed by Neal Israel and written by Dan Gordon. It stars Ernie Reyes Jr., Rob Schneider, Nicolas Cowan, and Leslie Nielsen. The film follows two teenage surfers from Los Angeles who discover that they are crown princes of the Asian kingdom Patusan and reluctantly follow their destinies to dethrone an evil colonel who rules over the kingdom.
  
  Surf Ninjas was filmed in Los Angeles, Hawaii, and Thailand. A video game was also developed and released in conjunction with the film. Surf Ninjas was released in the United States on August 20, 1993. The film received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics and was a commercial and box-office failure, grossing $4.9 million against $6.5 million budget. (Full article...)

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  Bound is a 1996 American erotic neo-noir crime thriller film written and directed by the Wachowskis in their feature film directorial debut. Violet (Jennifer Tilly), who longs to escape her relationship with her mafioso boyfriend Caesar (Joe Pantoliano), enters into a clandestine affair with alluring ex-con Corky (Gina Gershon), and the two women hatch a scheme to steal $2 million of Mafia money.
  
  Bound was the first film directed by the Wachowskis, and they took inspiration from Billy Wilder to tell a noir story filled with sex and violence. Financed by Dino De Laurentiis, the film was made on a tight budget with the help of frugal crew members including cinematographer Bill Pope. The directors initially struggled to cast the lesbian characters of Violet and Corky before securing Tilly and Gershon. To choreograph the sex scenes, the directors employed sex educator Susie Bright as an ad hoc intimacy coordinator, and she also made a cameo appearance in the film. (Full article...)

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  Striptease is a 1996 American black comedy film written, co-produced, and directed by Andrew Bergman, and starring Demi Moore, Armand Assante, Ving Rhames, Robert Patrick and Burt Reynolds. Based on Floridian crime writer Carl Hiaasen's 1993 best-selling novel of the same name, the film centers on an FBI secretary-turned-stripper who becomes involved in both a child-custody dispute and corrupt politics.
  
  Moore was paid a then-unprecedented $12.5 million to star in Striptease, making her the highest-paid film actress up to that time. Released theatrically on June 28, 1996, by Columbia Pictures and produced by Castle Rock Entertainment, the film grossed $113 million worldwide against its $50 million budget. However, it was panned by critics, won six Golden Raspberry Awards including Worst Picture, and has come to be evaluated as one of the worst movies ever made. The debacle of the film marked a downturn in Moore's career. (Full article...)

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  Ronin is a 1998 American action thriller film directed by John Frankenheimer and written by John David Zeik and David Mamet, under the pseudonym Richard Weisz. It stars an ensemble cast consisting of Robert De Niro, Jean Reno, Natascha McElhone, Stellan Skarsgård, Sean Bean, and Jonathan Pryce. The film is about a team of former special operatives hired to steal a mysterious, heavily guarded briefcase while navigating a maze of shifting loyalties. The film was praised for its realistic car chases in Nice and Paris.
  
  Frankenheimer signed to direct Zeik's screenplay, which Mamet rewrote to expand De Niro's role and develop plot details, in 1997. The film was photographed by Robert Fraisse in his native France from November 3, 1997, to March 3, 1998. Professional racing car drivers coordinated and performed the vehicle stunts, and Elia Cmiral scored the film, his first for a major studio. (Full article...)

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  Reservoir Dogs is a 1992 American crime film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino in his feature-length debut. It stars Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Chris Penn, Steve Buscemi, Lawrence Tierney, Michael Madsen, Tarantino, and Edward Bunker as diamond thieves whose heist of a jewelry store goes terribly wrong. Kirk Baltz, Randy Brooks, and Steven Wright also play supporting roles. The film incorporates many motifs that have become Tarantino's hallmarks: violent crime, pop culture references, profanity, and nonlinear storytelling.
  
  The film is regarded as a classic of independent film and a cult film and was named "Greatest Independent Film of All Time" by Empire. Although controversial at first for its depictions of violence and heavy use of profanity, Reservoir Dogs was generally well-received, and the cast was praised by many critics. Despite not being heavily promoted during its theatrical run, the film became a modest success in the United States after grossing $2.9 million against its scant budget. It achieved higher popularity after the success of Tarantino's next film, Pulp Fiction (1994). A soundtrack was released featuring songs used in the film, which are mostly from the 1970s. (Full article...)

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  Mars Attacks! is a 1996 American black comedy science fiction film directed by Tim Burton, who also co-produced it with Larry J. Franco. The screenplay by Jonathan Gems was based on the Topps trading card series of the same name. The film features an ensemble cast consisting of Jack Nicholson (in a dual role), Glenn Close, Annette Bening, Pierce Brosnan, Danny DeVito, Martin Short, Sarah Jessica Parker, Michael J. Fox, Pam Grier, Rod Steiger, Tom Jones, Lukas Haas, Natalie Portman, Jim Brown, Lisa Marie, and Sylvia Sidney in her final film role.
  
  Alex Cox had tried to make a Mars Attacks film in the 1980s before Burton and Gems began development in 1993. When Gems turned in his first draft in 1994, Warner Bros. commissioned rewrites from Gems, Burton, Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski in an attempt to lower the budget to $60 million. The final production budget came to $80 million, while Warner Bros. spent another $20 million on the Mars Attacks! marketing campaign. Filming took place from February to June 1996. The film was shot in California, Nevada, Kansas, Arizona and Argentina. (Full article...)

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  The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc (French: Jeanne d'Arc) is a 1999 English-language French epic historical drama film directed by Luc Besson and starring Milla Jovovich, John Malkovich, Faye Dunaway and Dustin Hoffman. The screenplay was written by Besson and Andrew Birkin, and the original score was composed by Éric Serra.
  
  The Messenger portrays the story of Joan of Arc, the French war heroine and religious martyr of the Hundred Years War. It begins with young Joan as she witnesses the atrocities of the English against her family, and she has visions that inspire her to lead the French in battle against the occupying English. Her success in routing the English allows Charles VII to take the throne. Eventually, Joan is captured by the English, tried and executed for heresy. (Full article...)

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