Welcome to the Portal:California. Such a lovely place.
California
State of California
Map of the United States with California highlighted
California is a state in the Western United States , lying on the American Pacific Coast . It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south. With 39 million residents across an area of 163,696 square miles (423,970 km 2 ), it is the most populous U.S. state, the third-largest by area, and most populated subnational entity in North America . The Greater Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas are the nation's second- and fifth-most populous urban regions , with 19 million and 10 million residents respectively. Los Angeles is the state's most populous city and the nation's second-most , after New York . California's capital , Sacramento , is located in the Central Valley .
Prior to European colonization , California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America . European exploration in the 16th and 17th centuries led to the colonization by the Spanish Empire . The area became a part of Mexico in 1821, following its successful war for independence , but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War . The California Gold Rush started in 1848 and led to social and demographic changes, including depopulation of indigenous peoples in the California genocide . The western portion of Alta California was then organized and admitted as the 31st state in 1850 , as a free state , following the Compromise of 1850 .
California's economy is the largest of any US state, with a $3.6 trillion gross state product . It is the largest sub-national economy in the world. California's agricultural industry has the highest output of any U.S. state, and is led by its dairy , almonds , and grapes . With the busiest port in the country (Los Angeles ), California plays a pivotal role in the global supply chain, hauling in about 40% of goods imported to the US. 84% of residents 25 or older hold a high school degree , the lowest high school education rate of all 50 states . Despite a continuing exodus of businesses from Downtown San Francisco and Downtown Los Angeles , California retains one of the largest number of Fortune 500 companies. (Full article... )
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Map of the Ohlone peoples and their neighbors
The Ohlone ( oh-LOH -nee ), formerly known as Costanoans (from Spanish costeño meaning 'coast dweller'), are a Native American people of the Northern California coast. When Spanish explorers and missionaries arrived in the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited the area along the coast from San Francisco Bay through Monterey Bay to the lower Salinas Valley . At that time they spoke a variety of related languages. The Ohlone languages make up a sub-family of the Utian language family. Older proposals place Utian within the Penutian language phylum, while newer proposals group it as Yok-Utian .
In pre-colonial times, the Ohlone lived in more than 50 distinct landholding groups , and did not view themselves as a single unified group. They lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering, in the typical ethnographic California pattern. The members of these various bands interacted freely with one another. The Ohlone people practiced the Kuksu religion. Prior to the Gold Rush , the northern California region was one of the most densely populated regions north of Mexico. (Full article... )
More selected articles
The following are images from various California-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 4 Bilingual English-Spanish sign in the
Colorado Desert of Southern California . (from
Culture of California )
Image 8 The railway station in
Sacramento in 1874. (from
History of California )
Image 9 In-N-Out burgers (from
Culture of California )
Image 11 Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo , established in 1770, was the headquarters of the
Californian mission system from 1797 until 1833. (from
History of California )
Image 12 Founded by
Vicente Francisco de Sarría in 1817,
Mission San Rafael Arcángel , was the last mission founded during the Spanish period. (from
History of California )
Image 13 The 1835
Manifiesto a la República Mejicana , by
José Figueroa , was the first book published in California (from
Culture of California )
Image 15 Portrait of a
Californio in traditional
vaquero clothing. Californios benefitted immensely by the establishment of the
ranchos of California , following the
Mexican secularization act of 1833 . (from
History of California )
Image 17 Mission San Gabriel Arcángel , founded in 1771 by padres Pedro Benito Cambón and Ángel de la Somera. (from
History of California )
Image 18 California's first State Capitol building in
San Jose , which served as the capital of California 1850–51. (from
History of California )
Image 19 The American capture of
San Diego by the
USS Cyane in 1846 (from
History of California )
Image 21 Portrait of an "
assimilated "
Maidu man in
Sacramento , 1867. (from
History of California )
Image 22 Mission Santa Barbara , founded in 1786, was the first mission to be established by
Fermín de Lasuén . (from
History of California )
Image 23 The
Treaty of Cahuenga , signed at the
Campo de Cahuenga in 1847 by Californio general
Andrés Pico and American general
John C. Frémont , proclaimed a ceasefire under an American victory. The
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo , signed a year later in 1848, officially ended the
Mexican–American War and formally ceded
Alta California to the United States. (from
History of California )
Image 25 Advertisement for sailing to California, c. 1850. (from
History of California )
Image 27 Francis Drake 's 1579 landing in "
New Albion " (modern-day
Point Reyes ); engraving by
Theodor De Bry , 1590. (from
History of California )
Image 29 Depiction of the
Donner Party heading west on the
California Trail . (from
History of California )
Image 30 The 1562 map of the Americas, created by Spanish cartographer
Diego Gutiérrez , which applied
the name California for the first time. (from
History of California )
Image 32 Forces raising the U.S. flag over the
Monterey Customhouse following their victory at the
Battle of Monterey (from
History of California )
Image 33 Map of the
Butterfield Overland Mail routes through California, c. 1858. (from
History of California )
Image 35 San Francisco harbor,
c. 1850 –51. (from
History of California )
Image 36 Map of the route taken by the
Anza Expedition of 1775–76, from the
Presidio of Tubac to San Francisco Bay . (from
History of California )
Image 38 California was often depicted as an island , due to the
Baja California peninsula , from the 16th to the 18th centuries, such as in this 1650 map by cartographer
Johannes Vingboons . (from
History of California )
Image 39 Angustias de la Guerra played a crucial role in defending
women's property rights during the drafting of the Constitution of California. (from
History of California )
Image 40 Between 1846 and 1873, U.S. government agents waged an extermination campaign against
Indigenous Californians , known as the
California genocide , resulting in as many as 100,000 deaths. (from
History of California )
Image 43 A Southern Pacific Train at
Arcade Depot , Los Angeles, 1891 (from
History of California )
Image 46 The Spanish founded
Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1776, the third to be established of the
Californian missions . (from
History of California )
Image 48 Joaquín Murrieta , called the "
Robin Hood of California", was a notorious
outlaw during the
California Gold Rush . He served as inspiration for
Zorro , the famed Californian bandit-hero. (from
History of California )
Image 51 The
University of California, Berkeley is the flagship school of the University of California system. (from
Culture of California )
Image 52 General
Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo reviewing his troops in
Sonoma in 1846. (from
History of California )
Image 53 Mission San Francisco Solano , founded in 1823 by order of Governor
Luis Antonio Argüello , was the last Californian mission established. (from
History of California )
Image 55 "Independent Gold Hunter on His Way to California", c. 1850 (from
History of California )
Image 57 Map of Spain's
Manila galleon trade routes, showing routes between the
Spanish East Indies and
Acapulco passing along the
coast of California . (from
History of California )
If you want to surf, move to Hawaii. If you like to shop, move to New York. If you like acting and Hollywood, move to California. But if you like college football, move to Texas.
— Ricky Williams
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Jack Leonard Warner (born Jacob Warner ; August 2, 1892 – September 9, 1978) was a Canadian-American film executive, who was the president and driving force behind the Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California . Warner's career spanned over 55 years, surpassing that of any other of the seminal Hollywood studio moguls. As co-head of production at Warner Bros. Studios, Warner worked with his brother, Sam Warner , to procure the technology for the film industry's first talking picture, The Jazz Singer (1927). After Sam's death, Jack clashed with his surviving older brothers, Harry and Albert Warner . He assumed exclusive control of the company in the 1950s when he secretly purchased his brothers's shares in the business after convincing them to participate in a joint sale of stocks. (Full article... )
Melvin Jerome Blanc (born Blank ; May 30, 1908 – July 10, 1989) was an American voice actor and radio personality whose career spanned over 60 years. During the Golden Age of Radio , he provided character voices and vocal sound effects for comedy radio programs, including those of Jack Benny , Abbott and Costello , Burns and Allen , The Great Gildersleeve , Judy Canova , and his own short-lived sitcom . However, he became known worldwide for his work in the Golden Age of American Animation as the voices of Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , Tweety , Sylvester the Cat , Yosemite Sam , Foghorn Leghorn , the Tasmanian Devil , and numerous other characters from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoons . Blanc also voiced the Looney Tunes characters Porky Pig and Elmer Fudd after replacing their original performers Joe Dougherty and Arthur Q. Bryan , respectively, although he occasionally voiced Elmer during Bryan's lifetime as well. He later voiced characters for Hanna-Barbera 's television cartoons, including Barney Rubble and Dino on The Flintstones , Mr. Spacely on The Jetsons , Secret Squirrel on The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show , the title character of Speed Buggy , and Captain Caveman on Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels and The Flintstone Kids . (Full article... )
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Randy Shilts (August 8, 1951 – February 17, 1994) was an American journalist and author. After studying journalism at the University of Oregon , Shilts began working as a reporter for both The Advocate and the San Francisco Chronicle , as well as for San Francisco Bay Area television stations. In the 1980s, he was noted for being the first openly gay reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle . His first book, The Mayor of Castro Street: The Life and Times of Harvey Milk , was a biography of LGBT activist Harvey Milk . His second book, And the Band Played On , chronicled the history of the AIDS epidemic . Despite some controversy surrounding the book in the LGBT community, Shilts was praised for his meticulous documentation of an epidemic that was little-understood at the time. It was later made into an HBO film of the same name in 1993. His final book, Conduct Unbecoming: Gays and Lesbians in the US Military from Vietnam to the Persian Gulf , examined discrimination against lesbians and gays in the military . (Full article... )
Linus Carl Pauling FRS ( PAW -ling ; February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist , biochemist , chemical engineer , peace activist , author, and educator. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics. New Scientist called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time. For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. For his peace activism, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. He is one of five people to have won more than one Nobel Prize (the others being Marie Curie , John Bardeen , Frederick Sanger , and Karl Barry Sharpless ). Of these, he is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes, and one of two people to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields, the other being Marie Curie . Pauling was one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology . His contributions to the theory of the chemical bond include the concept of orbital hybridisation and the first accurate scale of electronegativities of the elements. Pauling also worked on the structures of biological molecules, and showed the importance of the alpha helix and beta sheet in protein secondary structure . Pauling's approach combined methods and results from X-ray crystallography , molecular model building, and quantum chemistry. His discoveries inspired the work of Rosalind Franklin , James Watson , Francis Crick , and Maurice Wilkins on the structure of DNA, which in turn made it possible for geneticists to crack the DNA code of all organisms. (Full article... )
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James Robert Baker (October 18, 1947 – November 5, 1997) was an American author of sharply satirical, predominantly gay-themed transgressional fiction . A native Californian, his work is set almost entirely in Southern California . After graduating from UCLA , he began his career as a screenwriter, but became disillusioned and started writing novels instead. Though he garnered fame for his books Fuel-Injected Dreams and Boy Wonder , after the controversy surrounding publication of his novel, Tim and Pete , he faced increasing difficulty having his work published. According to his life partner , this was a contributing factor in his suicide. Baker's work has achieved cult status in the years since his death, and two additional novels have been posthumously published. First-edition copies of his earlier works have become collector's items. His novel Testosterone was adapted to a film of the same name , though it was not a financial success. Two other books have been optioned for films, but they have not been produced. (Full article... )
Nancy Davis Reagan (; born Anne Frances Robbins ; July 6, 1921 – March 6, 2016) was an American film actress who was the First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989, as the second wife of President Ronald Reagan , the 40th president of the United States. Reagan was born in New York City. After her parents separated, she lived in Maryland with an aunt and uncle for six years. When her mother remarried in 1929, she moved to Chicago and later was adopted by her mother's second husband. As Nancy Davis , she was a Hollywood actress in the 1940s and 1950s, starring in films such as The Next Voice You Hear... , Night into Morning , and Donovan's Brain . In 1952, she married Ronald Reagan, who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild . He had two children from his previous marriage to Jane Wyman and he and Nancy had two children together. Nancy Reagan was the first lady of California when her husband was governor from 1967 to 1975, and she began to work with the Foster Grandparents Program . (Full article... )
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Murray M Chotiner (October 4, 1909 – January 30, 1974) was an American political strategist , attorney , government official , and close associate and friend of President Richard Nixon during much of the 37th President's political career. He served as campaign manager for the future president's successful runs for the United States Senate in 1950 and for the vice presidency in 1952, and managed the campaigns of other California Republicans . He was active in each of Nixon's two successful runs for the White House in low-profile positions. Chotiner was born in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania; his father moved the family to California and then abandoned his wife and children. Murray Chotiner attended UCLA , and graduated from the Southwestern School of Law . He practiced law in Los Angeles, and branched out into public relations. Involving himself in Republican politics, he played an active part in several political campaigns and made an unsuccessful run for the California State Assembly in 1938. (Full article... )
Calvin Cordozar Broadus Jr. (; born October 20, 1971), known professionally as Snoop Dogg (previously Snoop Doggy Dogg and briefly Snoop Lion ), is an American rapper, record producer, and actor. His initial fame dates back to 1992 following his guest appearance on Dr. Dre 's debut solo single, "Deep Cover ", and later on Dre's debut album, The Chronic that same year. Broadus has since sold over 23 million albums in the United States, and 35 million albums worldwide. His accolades include an American Music Award , a Primetime Emmy Award , and 17 Grammy Award nominations. Produced entirely by Dr. Dre, Broadus' debut studio album, Doggystyle (1993) was released by Death Row Records and debuted atop the Billboard 200 . Selling 800,000 copies in its first week, the album received quadruple platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) the following year and spawned the Billboard Hot 100 -top ten singles "What's My Name? " and "Gin and Juice ". He was the lead performer on Death Row's soundtrack album for the 1994 short film Murder Was the Case , wherein Broadus made his acting debut. His second album, Tha Doggfather (1996) likewise debuted atop the chart and received double platinum certification. In 1998, he parted ways with Death Row in favor of Master P 's No Limit Records , through which he saw largely continued success with his albums Da Game Is to Be Sold, Not to Be Told (1998), No Limit Top Dogg (1999), and Tha Last Meal (2000). He then signed with Priority , Capitol , and EMI Records to release his sixth album Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss (2002), which was further commercially-oriented. This effectively continued upon him signing with Geffen Records to release his next three albums: R&G (Rhythm & Gangsta): The Masterpiece (2004), Tha Blue Carpet Treatment (2006), and Ego Trippin' (2008); the former spawned the single "Drop It Like It's Hot " (featuring Pharrell ), which became his first to peak atop the Billboard Hot 100. He then returned to Priority and Capitol—upon his hiring as chairman of the former label—to release his tenth and eleventh albums, Malice 'n Wonderland (2009) and Doggumentary (2011), both of which saw mild critical and commercial response. (Full article... )
Orenthal James Simpson (July 9, 1947 – April 10, 2024) was an American football player, actor, and media personality who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 11 seasons, primarily with the Buffalo Bills . Simpson is regarded as one of the greatest running backs of all time, but his professional success was overshadowed by his trial and controversial acquittal for the murders of his former wife Nicole Brown and her friend Ron Goldman in 1994. Simpson played college football for the USC Trojans , where he won the Heisman Trophy as a senior, and was selected first overall by the Bills in the 1969 NFL/AFL draft . During his nine seasons with the Bills, he received five consecutive Pro Bowl and first-team All-Pro selections from 1972 to 1976. He also led the league in rushing yards four times, in rushing touchdowns twice, and in points scored in 1975. Simpson became the first NFL player to rush for more than 2,000 yards in a season, earning him NFL Most Valuable Player (MVP), and is the only NFL player to do so in a 14-game regular season . He holds the record for the single-season yards-per-game average at 143.1. After retiring with the San Francisco 49ers in 1979, he acted in film and television, became a sportscaster , and was a spokesman for a wide variety of products and companies, notably Hertz . He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1983 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1985. (Full article... )
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Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was an American nuclear physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for his invention of the cyclotron . He is known for his work on uranium-isotope separation for the Manhattan Project , as well as for founding the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . A graduate of the University of South Dakota and University of Minnesota , Lawrence obtained a PhD in physics at Yale in 1925. In 1928, he was hired as an associate professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley , becoming the youngest full professor there two years later. In its library one evening, Lawrence was intrigued by a diagram of an accelerator that produced high-energy particles . He contemplated how it could be made compact, and came up with an idea for a circular accelerating chamber between the poles of an electromagnet . The result was the first cyclotron. (Full article... )
Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (; Italian: [diˈkaːprjo] ; born November 11, 1974) is an American actor and film producer. Known for his work in biographical and period films, he is the recipient of numerous accolades , including an Academy Award , a British Academy Film Award , and three Golden Globe Awards . As of 2019,[update] his films have grossed over $7.2 billion worldwide, and he has been placed eight times in annual rankings of the world's highest-paid actors . Born in Los Angeles, DiCaprio began his career in the late 1980s by appearing in television commercials. In the early 1990s, he had recurring roles in various television shows, such as the sitcom Parenthood , and had his first major film part as author Tobias Wolff in This Boy's Life (1993). He received critical acclaim and his first Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for his performance as a developmentally disabled boy in What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993). DiCaprio achieved international stardom with the star-crossed romances Romeo + Juliet (1996) and Titanic (1997). After the latter became the highest-grossing film in the world at the time, he reduced his workload for a few years. In an attempt to shed his image of a romantic hero, DiCaprio sought roles in other genres, including the 2002 crime dramas Catch Me If You Can and Gangs of New York ; the latter marked the first of his many successful collaborations with director Martin Scorsese . (Full article... )
Ronald Wilson Reagan ( RAY -gən ; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. A member of the Republican Party , his presidency constituted the Reagan era , and he is considered one of the most prominent conservative figures in American history. Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932 and began to work as a sports broadcaster in Iowa . He moved to California in 1937, and became a well-known film actor there. Reagan twice served as the president of the Screen Actors Guild from 1947 to 1952 and from 1959 to 1960. During the 1950s, he worked in television and spoke for General Electric . Reagan's "A Time for Choosing " speech during the 1964 presidential campaign elevated him as a new conservative figure. He was elected governor of California in 1966 . During his governorship , he raised taxes , turned the state budget deficit into a surplus, and cracked down harshly on university protests . After challenging and losing to incumbent president Gerald Ford in the 1976 Republican presidential primaries , Reagan won the Republican nomination and then a landslide victory over incumbent Democratic president Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election . (Full article... )
Candice Patricia Bergen (born May 9, 1946) is an American actress. She won five Primetime Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards for her portrayal of the title character on the CBS sitcom Murphy Brown (1988–1998, 2018). She is also known for her role as Shirley Schmidt on the ABC drama Boston Legal (2005–2008). In films, Bergen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Starting Over (1979) and for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for Gandhi (1982). Bergen began her career as a fashion model and appeared on the cover of Vogue before she made her screen debut in the film The Group (1966). She starred in The Sand Pebbles (1966), Soldier Blue (1970), Carnal Knowledge (1971), and The Wind and the Lion (1975). She made her Broadway debut in the 1984 play Hurlyburly and starred in the revivals of The Best Man (2012) and Love Letters (2014). From 2002 to 2004, she appeared in three episodes of the HBO series Sex and the City . Her other film roles include Miss Congeniality (2000), Sweet Home Alabama (2002), The Women (2008), Bride Wars (2009), Book Club (2018) and Let Them All Talk (2020). (Full article... )
J. Robert Oppenheimer (born Julius Robert Oppenheimer ; OP -ən-hy-mər ; April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967) was an American theoretical physicist who served as the director of the Manhattan Project 's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II . He is often called the "father of the atomic bomb " for his role in overseeing the development of the first nuclear weapons. Born in New York City, Oppenheimer obtained a degree in chemistry from Harvard University in 1925 and a doctorate in physics from the University of Göttingen in Germany in 1927, studying under Max Born . After research at other institutions, he joined the physics faculty at the University of California, Berkeley , where he was made a full professor in 1936. Oppenheimer made significant contributions to physics in the fields of quantum mechanics and nuclear physics , including the Born–Oppenheimer approximation for molecular wave functions ; work on the theory of positrons , quantum electrodynamics , and quantum field theory ; and the Oppenheimer–Phillips process in nuclear fusion . With his students, he also made major contributions to astrophysics , including the theory of cosmic ray showers, and the theory of neutron stars and black holes . (Full article... )
Jessica Michelle Chastain (born March 24, 1977) is an American actress and producer. Known for primarily starring in projects with feminist themes, she has received various accolades , including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe , in addition to nominations for two Tony Awards and a Primetime Emmy Award . Time magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2012. Chastain developed an interest in acting from an early age and made her professional stage debut in 1998 as Shakespeare 's Juliet . After studying acting at the Juilliard School , she was signed to a talent holding deal with the television producer John Wells . She was a recurring guest star in several television series, and took on roles in several stage productions. After making her film debut at age 31 in the drama Jolene (2008), Chastain had her breakthrough in 2011 with six film releases, including the dramas Take Shelter (2011) and The Tree of Life (2011). She received Academy Award nominations for playing an aspiring socialite in the period drama The Help (2011) and a CIA analyst in the thriller Zero Dark Thirty (2012). (Full article... )
... that in 2023, car manufacturer Rivian acquired the historic Lynn Theatre in Laguna Beach, California, and converted it into its first showroom?
... that on this day in 1966, California radio stations KAHR and KVIP switched frequencies, leading to "mass confusion"?
... that during the January 1982 California floods , more than 18,000 landslides swept through the San Francisco Bay Area with little warning?
... that an FCC hearing examiner scolded the owner of California radio station KCTY for having a "cavalier attitude" and at times being too lazy to put the station on the air?
... that due to business closures across California during the COVID-19 pandemic , some of the exotic dancers at Jumbo's Clown Room created the Cyber Clown Girls show so they could continue working?
... that the studios of a California TV station were converted back into a movie theater after it went out of business?
... that a California TV station had a cartoon bee as its mascot?
... that Richmond station includes a "rather disquieting" artwork by William Mitchell ?
The western end of State Route 166
State Route 166 is a part of the California Freeway and Expressway System and is eligible for the State Scenic Highway System . It starts off in Guadalupe in northwestern Santa Barbara County and heads east towards the largest city on its eastern journey: Santa Maria .
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Nicknames: The Golden State
Capital: Sacramento
Total area: 163,696 mi2
Land: 156,002 mi2
Water: 7,694 mi2
Highest elevation: 14,505 ft (Mount Whitney )
Population 39,250,017 (2016 est)
Admission to the Union: September 9, 1850 (31 st )
State symbols:
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