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editThe Luna programme (from the Russian word "Luna" meaning "Moon"), occasionally called LunikorLunnik, was a series of robotic spacecraft missions sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union between 1959 and 1976. Fifteen were successful, each designed as either an orbiterorlander, and accomplished many firsts in space exploration. They also performed many experiments, studying the Moon's chemical composition, gravity, temperature, and radiation. Twenty-four spacecraft were formally given the Luna designation, although more were launched. Those that failed to reach orbit were not publicly acknowledged at the time, and were not assigned a Luna number. Those that failed in low Earth orbit were usually given Cosmos designations. The estimated cost of Luna Program was about $4.5 billion.
Among its achievements are: First man-made object on the Moon (Luna 2), first photographs from the far side (Luna 3), and first soft landing on another solar system object (Luna 9). Luna 16 (and later missions) returned lunar soil samples to Earth in 1970. This was the third returned sample after Apollo 11 and Apollo 12.
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