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Poverty Row

Poverty Row is a slang term for small Hollywood studios that produced B movies from the 1920s^[1] to the 1950s, typically with much smaller budgets^[2] and lower production values^[3] than those of the major studios. Although many of these studios were based in the vicinity of Gower Street in Hollywood,^[4] the term does not necessarily relate to any specific physical location.

Many of the films produced by Poverty Row studios were those of series in the Western, comedy, adventure and crime genres.

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While some Poverty Row studios had a brief existence, releasing only a few films,^[5] others operated in a manner similar to that of major film studios such as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Warner Bros. and Paramount Pictures, but with a much smaller scale.

The most successful and enduring Poverty Row studios maintained permanent lots and recognizable standing sets, had cast and crew under contract and produced a more varied output than did the smaller firms.

The primary Poverty Row studios included:

• CBC Productions, founded by Harry Cohn, was considered a Poverty Row studio from 1919 until its reorganization in 1924 as Columbia Pictures.^[6]
• Tiffany Pictures was in operation from 1921 through 1932 as both a production company (about 90 films) and a distributor.
• Mascot Pictures was formed in 1927 by Nat Levine and merged into Republic Pictures in 1935.
• Larry Darmour Productions flourished from 1927 through the 1930s, mainly on the popularity of its Mickey McGuire short-film series starring Mickey Rooney. Darmour was also the principal producer for Majestic Pictures until 1935.
• Monogram Pictures was created in 1931 by the merger of Sono Art-World Wide Pictures with W. Ray Johnston's Rayart. After the attempted 1935 merger of Monogram into Republic Pictures, Johnston took Monogram independent again, and in the following decades produced films ranging from college/teen musicals starring popular swing bands to classic stories such as Oliver Twist^[7] and the final films of Kay Francis. Monogram evolved, in relatively stable financial condition, into Allied Artists in 1953.^[8] Monogram/Allied released the 48 feature films of the Bowery Boys.^[9]
• Republic Pictures was organized in 1935 when Herbert J. Yates combined six other established Poverty Row companies (Monogram, Mascot Pictures, Liberty Pictures, Majestic Pictures, Chesterfield Pictures and Invincible Films) with his Consolidated Film Laboratories. Republic began by releasing serial shorts and Westerns with Gene Autry in the 1930s before eventually riding the success of eventual superstars Roy Rogers^[10] and John Wayne. Republic's The Quiet Man (1952) was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture, and John Ford won the Oscar for Best Director.
• Grand National Films Inc. was organized in 1936 with some significant talent (James Cagney and director Charles Lamont) but could not survive without its own distribution channel. It folded in 1939 after having released approximately 100 films.
• Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC) emerged in 1939 and lasted until 1946, when it was absorbed into Eagle-Lion Films. PRC presented a steady output of Westerns and gangster films with occasional high spots, such as Edgar G. Ulmer's film noir classic^[11] Detour^[12] (1945) and Minstrel Man (1944), which was nominated for two Academy Awards for its music.^[13]

The smallest studios, including Tiffany Pictures, Sam Katzman's Victory, Mascot and Chesterfield, often packaged and released films from independent producers, British "quota quickie" films or exploitation films such as Hitler, Beast of Berlin^[14] to supplement their own limited production capacity. Producers would sometimes create a new studio when their former ones failed, such as Harry S. Webb and Bernard B. Ray's Reliable Pictures and Metropolitan Pictures.

Some organizations such as Astor Pictures^[15] and Realart Pictures^[16] began by obtaining the rights to rerelease older films from other studios before producing their own films.

The Big Five majors

• Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
• Paramount Pictures
• 20th Century Fox
• Warner Bros.
• RKO Pictures (left the majors in the 1950s)

The Little Three majors

• United Artists
• Columbia Pictures
• Universal Studios

Poverty Row (top four of many)

• Grand National
• Republic Pictures
• Monogram Pictures
• Producers Releasing Corporation (PRC)

Non-majors

• Walt Disney Studios (animation studio only; became major studio decades later)
• Embassy Pictures
• London Films

The breakup of the studio system (and its block-booking practice, which left independent theaters eager for content from the Poverty Row studios) following 1948's United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. decision and the advent of television were among the factors that led to the decline and ultimate disappearance of the traditional Poverty Row studios, although small and independent studios continued to exist through the present day.^[17]

• Independent film
• Vulgar auteurism
• Auteur theory
• Roger Corman
• French New Wave
• Classical Hollywood cinema
• Grindhouse

• Davis, Blair (2012). The Battle for the Bs: 1950s Hollywood and the Rebirth of Low-Budget Cinema. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-5324-5.
• Dick, Bernard F. (19 October 2021). The Merchant Prince of Poverty Row: Harry Cohn of Columbia Pictures. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-9614-5.
• Fernett, Gene (1973). Hollywood's Poverty Row, 1930–1950. Satellite Beach, FL: Coral Reef Publications.
• Lewis, Jack C. (2002). White Horse, Black Hat: A Quarter Century on Hollywood's Poverty Row. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-1-4617-3108-5.
• Pitts, Michael R. (2005). Poverty Row Studios, 1929–1940: An Illustrated History of 55 Independent Film Companies, with a Filmography for Each. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2319-4. OCLC 891667311.
• Stephens, E.J.; Wanamaker, Marc (2014). Early Poverty Row Studios. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4396-4829-2.
• Read, Robert (August 2010). A Squalid-Looking Place: Poverty Row Films of the 1930s. McGill University. Thesis, Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Art History and Communication Studies; Film scholarship has generally assumed that the low-budget independent film studios, commonly known as Poverty Row, originated in the early sound-era to take advantage of the growing popularity of double feature exhibition programs.
• Brennan, Paul. The Origins of Taboo: Controversial Topics in Cinema originating in Poverty Row. academia.edu.