Puzrish-Dagan came first to the attention of scholars when clay tablets coming from the site started to appear on the antiquities market in 1909-1910.[1] Based on information from the antiquities traders who sold the tablets, Puzrish-Dagan could be identied with modern Drehem in Iraq.[2] Since then, some 12,000 tablets thought to have come from the site have been published.[3][4] The objects are scattered across numerous collections, for example those of the Royal Ontario Museum, the Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, Harvard Museum, and the Iraq Museum.[5][6]Stephen Herbert Langdon briefly excavated there in 1924.[7]
The site was surveyed by Robert McCormick Adams as part of his important archaeological work in the region.[8][9] Iraqi archaeologists excavated the site in 2007 under the direction of Ali Ubeid Shalkam.[10][11][12] The Iraqi-Italian QADIS-project surveyed the site in 2016.[13] From 2016 to 2019 the University of Bologna and the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage conducted a program of coordinated remote sensing and surface surveys in the Qadisiyah province including at Drehem.[14][15] It determined that the site had an extent of 60 hectares. It determined that the city was surrounded by canals, was laid out as an urban grid, had a number of administrative building, and had a harbor.[16]
The Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures has received permission to start new excavations at the site as part of their renewed work at the nearby site of Nippur and carried out a preliminary survey in 2019.[17]
Puzrish-Dagan is located some 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) southeast of Nippur, of which it has sometimes been called a suburb. The site consists of two areas; a northern and a southern mound. The northern mound measures 380 by 240 by 4 metres (1,247 by 787 by 13 ft) for a total area of 10 hectares (25 acres). The southern mound is slightly larger: it measures 560 by 275 metres (1,837 by 902 ft), is 8.5 metres (28 ft) high and occupies an area of 15 hectares (37 acres). Recent remote sensing research suggest the maximum extent was about 80 hectares.[18] Parts of the site are now obscured by modern agricultural fields and several irrigation canals cut through it.[13] The mound has been described as a "beehive" due to the illegal looting taking place since the early 1900s.[17]
Based on the site morphology, the southern mound possibly contains a ziggurat. Both mounds probably contain large buildings over 100 metres (330 ft) in length. Traces of the walls are still visible on the surface and the regularity of these traces suggests that the buildings were planned and built within a short period of time. The QADIS-survey has documented possible traces of a city wall, a large temple complex next to the ziggurat, ancient canals that ran alongside and through the settlement, as well as a harbor.[13][17]
Occupation history
[edit]Cuneiform tablet case impressed with cylinder seal, for cuneiform tablet 86.11.249a- receipt of a kid MET VS86 11 249B
Traces of the Early Dynastic, Akkadian and Ur III periods have been found at the site according to a 1967 publication of the Iraqi Directorate General of antiquities.[19] The QADIS-survey found sherds dating to the Middle Uruk period and confirmed that the Ur III period was probably the most important settlement level at Drehem. Evidence for the Isin-Larsa as well as the Parthian and/or Sasanian periods has also been found.[13] The thousands of texts coming from the site all date to the Ur III period.[20][21] In the absence of excavations these texts from provide the most information on the nature of the settlement at Drehem. Puzrish-Dagan was founded by king Shulgi as an important administrative center in the bala tax system of the Ur III period.[17] Witnessed by thousands of cuneiform tablets, livestock (cattle, sheep, and goats) of the state was centralized at Drehem and subsequently redistributed to temples, its officials and royal palaces. The temples of nearby Nippur were the main destinations of the livestock.
^Hussey, Mary Inda. "Tablets from Dréhem in the Public Library of Cleveland, Ohio.", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 33, pp. 167–79, 1913
^[1]M. Hilgert, "Cuneiform Texts from the Ur III Period in the Oriental Institute, Volume 1: Drehem Administrative Documents from the Reign of Shulgi", Oriental Institute Publications 115 Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1998 ISBN 1-885923-07-4
^[2]Markus Hilgert, Clemens D. Reichel, Cuneiform Texts from the Ur III Period in the Oriental Institute, Volume 2: Drehem Administrative Documents from the Reign of Amar-Suena, Oriental Institute Publications 121
Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 2003 ISBN 1-885923-24-4
^Liu, Changyu. The Ur III Administrative Texts from Puzrish-Dagan Kept in the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East. Brill, 2021
^Marcel Sigrist, "Neo-Sumerian Texts from the Royal Ontario Museum: The administration at Drehem", CDL Press, 1995 ISBN 9781883053161
^Zettler, Richard L., "Archaeology and the Problem of Textual Evidence for the Third Dynasty of Ur", Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies 38, pp. 49-62, 2003
^Robert McCormick Adams, (1965): Land behind Baghdad. A history of settlements in the Diyala plains. Chicago
^[3]Robert McCormick Adams, (1981): Heartland of cities. Surveys of ancient settlement and land
use on the central floodplain of the Euphrates. Chicago
^Al-Mutawalli, N. A., and A. Ubeid Shalkham. "From the Archive of DI." KU5-mīšar. Excavation of Drehem (Ancient Puzriš-Dagan). Sumer 57 (2012): 19-40
^AI-Mutawalli, N., and Ali Ubeid Shalkham.『From the Archive of di. ku 5-mīšar: Excavation of Drehem (Ancient Puzriš-d Dagan).』Sumer 59 (2014): 93-112
^ abcdMarchetti, N. "QADIS. The Iraqi-Italian 2016 Survey Season in the South-Eastern Region of Qadisiyah". Sumer. 63: 63–92.
^[4]Marchetti, Nicolò, et al. "New Results on Ancient Settlement Patterns in the South-Eastern Qadisiyah Region (Iraq). the 2016-2017 Iraqi-Italian Qadis Survey Project." Al-Adab Journal 123 (2017): 45-62
^[5]Marchetti, Nicolò, et al. "The rise of urbanized landscapes in Mesopotamia: The QADIS integrated survey results and the interpretation of multi-layered historical landscapes." Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 109.2 (2019): 214-237
^[6]Marchetti, Nicolò, and Federico Zaina. "Rediscovering the Heartland of Cities." NEAR EASTERN ARCHAEOLOGY 83 (2020): 147
^Changyu Liu, "Prosopography of individuals delivering animals to Puzriš-Dagan in Ur III Mesopotamia", Akkadica 142/2, 2021, pp. 113-142
^[7]Changyu Liu, "Prosopographical Statistics
Appendix of the article 'Prosopography of individuals delivering
animals to Puzriš-Dagan in Ur III Mesopotamia'", Cuneiform Digital Library Preprints, 24.0, 1 April 2022
[8]Richard Firth, "Synchronization of the Drehem, Nippur, and Umma Calendars During the Latter Part of Ur III", CDLJ 2016:1, Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, 2016
Kang, Shin T, "Sumerian Economic Texts from the Drehem Archive", Sumerian and Akkadian Cuneiform Texts in the Collection of the World Heritage Museum of the University of Illinois 1. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1972
Maeda, Tohru, "Bringing (mu-túm) Livestock and the Puzurish-Dagan Organization in the Ur III Dynasty", ASJ 11, pp. 69-111, 1989
Maeda, Tohru, "The Receiving and Delivering Officials in Puzurish-Dagan", ASJ 15, pp. 297-300, 1993
[9]Nesbit, William Marsiglia, "Sumerian records from Drehem", No. 8, Columbia University Press, 1914
Steinkeller, Piotr, "Sheep and Goat Terminology in Ur III Sources from Drehem", BSA 8, pp. 49-70, 1995
Tsouparopoulou, "The ‘K-9 Corps’ of the Third Dynasty of Ur: The Dog Handlers at Drehem and the Army", ZA102, pp. 1-16, 2012
Tsouparopoulou, Christina, "Killing and Skinning Animals in the Ur III Period: The Puzriš-Dagan (Drehem) Office Managing of Dead Animals and Slaughter By-Products", AoF 40, pp. 150-82, 2013
Tsouparopoulou, Christina, "The Ur III Seals Impressed on Documents from Puzriš-Dagan (Drehem)", HSAO 16, Heidelberg: Heidelberger Orientverlag, 2015
[10]Tsouparopoulou, Christina, "A Reconstruction of the Puzriš-Dagan Central Livestock Agency", Cuneiform Digital Library Journal, Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, 2013 (ISSN: 1540-8779)
Whiting, R.M., "Some Observation on the Drehem Calendar", ZA, pp. 69-75, 1979
